Part 46 (1/2)
Indirect statements { 1 _He says_ that the Gauls _are_ brave after a verb in { 2 _He says_ that the Gauls _were_ brave the present tense { 3 _He says_ that the Gauls _will be_ brave
Indirect statements { 1 _He said_ that the Gauls _were_ brave after a verb in { 2 _He said_ that the Gauls _had been_ brave a past tense { 3 _He said_ that the Gauls _would be_ brave
We see that in English
_a_ The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction _that_
_b_ The verb is finite (cf --173) and its subject is in the nominative
_c_ The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, _He said_
<415>> <indirect statements=”” in=”” latin=””>> In Latin the direct and indirect statealli sunt=”” fortes=””>> STATEMENTS { 2 <galli erant=”” fortes=””>> { 3 <galli erunt=”” fortes=””>>
{ 1 <dicit>> or <dixit gallos=”” esse=”” fortis=””>> { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be brave_)[1]
INDIRECT { 2 <dicit>> or <dixit gallos=”” fuisse=”” fortis=””>> STATEMENTS { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to have been brave_)[1]
{ 3 <dicit>> or <dixit gallos=”” futuros=”” esse=”” fortis=””>> { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be about to be brave_)[1]
[Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, butof the Latin]
Colish in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:
_a_ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_
_b_ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative
_c_ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb
<416>> RULE <indirect statements=””>> _When a direct stateed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive_
<417>> <tenses of=”” the=”” infinitive=””>> When the sentences in --415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, <sunt>> became sse>>, rant>> became <fuisse>>, and runt>> became <futuros esse=””>>
<418>> RULE <infinitive tenses=”” in=”” indirect=”” statements=””>> _A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative beco into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect
<419>> RULE <verbs followed=”” by=”” indirect=”” statements=””>> _The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect state>>, <thinking>>, and
>_
<420>> Verbs regularly followed by indirect state: <dico, dicere,=”” dixi,=”” dictus=””>>, _say_ <nego, negare,=”” negavi,=”” negatus=””>>, _deny, say not_ <nuntio, nuntiare,=”” nuntiavi,=”” nuntiatus=””>>, _announce_ <respondeo, respondere,=”” respondi,=”” responsus=””>>, _reply_
_b_ Verbs of knowing: <cognosco, cognoscere,=”” cognovi,=”” cognitus=””>>, _learn_, (in the perf) _know_ <scio, scire,=”” scivi,=”” scitus=””>>, _know_
_c_ Verbs of thinking: xistimo, existimare,=”” existimavi,=”” existimatus=””>>, _think, believe_ <iudico, iudicare,=”” iudicavi,=”” iudicatus=””>>, _judge, decide_
>, _reckon, think_ <spero, sperare,=”” speravi,=”” speratus=””>>, _hope_
_d_ Verbs of perceiving: <sentio, sentire,=”” sensi,=”” sensus=””>>, _feel, perceive_ <video, videre,=”” vidi,=”” visus=””>>, _see_ <intellego, intellegere,=”” intellexi,=”” intellectus=””>>, _understand, perceive_
Learn such of these verbs as are new to you
<421>> IDIOMS