Part 5 (1/2)

VIII When he first applied hi Archelaus, the Trallians, and the Thessalians, before Augustus, who sat as judge at the trials He addressed the senate on behalf of the Laodiceans, the Thyatireans, and Chians, who had suffered greatly by an earthquake, and implored relief froed in a conspiracy with Varro Muraena against Augustus, and procured sentence of condeainst him Amidst all this, he had besides to superintend two depart the city with corn, which was then very scarce, and that of clearing the houses of correction 304 throughout Italy, the masters of which had fallen under the odious suspicion of seizing and keeping confined, not only travellers, but those whoed to serve in the are in such places

IX He n, as a military tribune, in the Cantabrian war 305 Afterwards he led an ardoranes; and seated on a tribunal, put a crown upon his head He likewise recovered from the Parthians the standards which they had taken frooverned, for nearly a year, the province of Gallia Coreat disorder, on account of the incursions of the barbarians, and the feuds of the chiefs He afterwards coainst the Rhaetians, Vindelicians, Pannonians, and Germans In the Rhaetian and Vindelician wars, he subdued the nations in the Alps; and in the Pannonian wars the Bruci, and (199) the Dalmatians In the German war, he transplanted into Gaul forty thousand of the enened them lands near the banks of the Rhine For these actions, he entered the city with an ovation, but riding in a chariot, and is said by some to have been the first that ever was honoured with this distinction He filled early the principal offices of state; and passed through the quaestorshi+p 307, praetorshi+p 308, and consulate 309 almost successively After some interval, he was chosen consul a second ti five years

X Surrounded by all this prosperity, in the prime of life and in excellent health, he suddenly forreater distance from Roust for his wife, whom he neither durst accuse nor divorce, and the connection hom became every day more intolerable; or to prevent that indifference towards hiht produce; or in the hope of supporting and i by absence his authority in the state, if the public should have occasion for his service Sorown up to years of maturity, he voluntarily relinquished the possession he had long enjoyed of the second place in the governrippa had done before him; hen M Marcellus was advanced to public offices, retired to Mitylene, that he ht not seem to stand in the way of his promotion, or in any respect lessen hiave afterwards for his retirement; but his pretext at this time was, that he was satiated with honours, and desirous of being relieved froht have leave to withdraw And neither the earnest entreaties of his mother, nor the complaint of his father-in-law made even in the senate, that he was deserted by him, could prevail upon hin of detaining hiether At last, having obtained per his wife and son at Ro a ith those who attended hi

XI Fro the coast of Caustus's being taken ill, but this giving rise to a ru extraordinary, he sailed with the wind al been struck with the pleasantness and healthiness of the island at the ti therein his return fro hier, near the town, he led entirely a private life, taking his walks sometimes about the Gymnasia 312, without any lictor or other attendant, and returning the civilities of the Greeks with almost as much complaisance as if he had been upon a level with the the course of his daily excursion, he happened to say, that he should visit all the sick people in the town This being not rightly understood by those about hied in order, according to their several diste extremely embarrassed by this unexpected occurrence, he was for some time irresolute how he should act; but at last he detery for the st them, and such as were entirely unknown to him One instance only is mentioned, in which he appeared to exercise his tribunitian authority Being a constant attendant upon the schools and lecture-rooms of the professors of the liberal arts, on occasion of a quarrel a (201) sophists, in which he interposed to reconcile them, some person took the liberty to abuse him as an intruder, and partial in the affair Upon this, withdrawing privately home, he suddenly returned attended by his officers, and su his accuser before his tribunal, by a public crier, ordered his that his wife Julia had been condemned for her lewdness and adultery, and that a bill of divorce had been sent to her in his nah he secretly rejoiced at this intelligence, he thought it incumbent upon him, in point of decency, to interpose in her behalf by frequent letters to Augustus, and to allow her to retain the presents which he had ard she merited from him When the period of his tribunitian authority expired 313, declaring at last that he had no other object in his retirement than to avoid all suspicion of rivalshi+p with Caius and Lucius, he petitioned that, since he was now secure in that respect, as they were coe of manhood, and would easily maintain theht be permitted to visit his friends, who But his request was denied; and he was advised to lay aside all concern for his friends, whoreet

XII He therefore continued at Rhodes h his ustus's lieutenant, to cover his disgrace He thenceforth lived, however, not only as a private person, but as one suspected and under apprehension, retiring into the interior of the country, and avoiding the visits of those who sailed that hich were very frequent; for no one passed to take coovern at Rhodes But there were fresh reasons for increased anxiety For crossing over to Samos, on a visit to his step-son Caius, who had been appointed governor of the East, he found hiainst him, by the insinuations of Marcus Lollius, his companion and director He likewise fell under suspicion of sending by some centurions who had been promoted by hih, es to several persons there, intended, apparently, to (202) ta his designs being intied repeatedly that soht be placed as a spy upon hi he either said or did

XIII He laid aside likewise his usual exercises of riding and ar the Roman habit, made use of the Pallium and Crepida 314 In this condition he continued al contempt and odiues and statues of hi made of him at table one of the company said to Caius, ”I will sail over to Rhodes i you the head of the exile;” for that was the appellation now given hier, he renewed his solicitations for leave to return; and, seconded by the ent supplications of his mother, he at last obtained his request; to which an accident so in the affair, but with the consent of his eldest son The latter was at that time out of humour with Marcus Lollius, and therefore easily disposed to be favourable to his father-in-law Caius thus acquiescing, he was recalled, but upon condition that he should take no concern whatever in the administration of affairs

XIV He returned to Roreat and confident hopes of his future elevation, which he had entertained froies and predictions For Livia, when pregnant with hi anxious to discover, by differentwould be a son, a, and kept it ith her own hands, and those of her e coreat things of him when he was a mere child ”He will co, but without the usual badge of royal dignity;” the rule of the Caesars being as yet unknown When he was (203) h Macedonia into Syria, the altars which had been forions, blazed suddenly with spontaneous fires Soon after, as he wasto Illyricum, he stopped to consult the oracle of Geryon, near Padua; and having drawn a lot by which he was desired to throw golden tali into the fountain of Aponus 316, for an answer to his inquiries, he did so, and the highest numbers came up And those very tali are still to be seen at the botto Rhodes, an eagle, a bird never before seen in that island, perched on the top of his house And the day before he received intelligence of the per his dress, his tunic appeared to be all on fire He then likewise had a reer, whom, for his proficiency in philosophical researches, he had taken into his faht the intelligence, he said, good neas co before, and quite contrary to his predictions, Tiberius had intended that very ether, to throw him into the sea, as an impostor, and one to whom he had too hastily entrusted his secrets

XV Upon his return to Ro introduced his son Drusus into the forum, he immediately reardens of Mecaenas, on the Esquiline 317, and resigned hi only the common offices of civility in private life, without any prefer both carried off in the space of three years, he was adopted by Augustus, along with their brother Agrippa; being obliged in the first place to adopt Germanicus, his brother's son After his adoption, he never more acted as ree, the rights which he had lost by it For he neither disposed of anything in the way of gift, nor manumitted a slave; nor so acy, without reckoning it as a part of his peculium or property held under his father Froht contribute to the advance discarded and banished, it was evident that the hope of succession rested upon hiain conferred upon hiiven him to settle the affairs of Ger had an audience of Augustus, were ordered to apply to hience of an insurrection in Illyricuement of that nehich proved the inian This he conducted during three years, with fifteen legions and an equal nureat difficulties, and an extreh he was several ti lest an enemy so powerful, and so near, should fall upon the arood success; for he at last reduced to co between Italy and the kingdom of Noricuulf

XVII The glory he acquired by these successes received an increase from the conjuncture in which they happened For almost about that very tiions in Gerenerally believed that the victorious Germans would have joined the Pannonians, had not the war of Illyricum been previously concluded A triureat honours, was decreed him Some proposed that the surname of ”Pannonicus,” others that of ”Invincible,” and others, of ”O Pius,” should be conferred on hi for him that he would be satisfied with that to which he would succeed at his death He postponed his triureat affliction for the disaster of Varus and his army Nevertheless, he entered the city in a triu a tribunal in the Septa, sat with Augustus between the two consuls, whilst the senate gave their attendance standing; whence, after he had saluted the people, he was attended by them in procession to the several teain to Ger that the defeat of Varus was occasioned by the rashness and negligence of the co by the advice of a council of hereas, at other timent, and considered himself alone as sufficiently qualified for the direction of affairs He likewise usedto pass the Rhine, he restricted the whole convoy within certain li hions to cross the river, until he had searched the but as allowed or necessary Beyond the Rhine, such was his way of living, that he took his round 321, and often passed the night without a tent; and his regular orders for the day, as well as those upon sudden e, with this injunction, that in case of any doubt as to theof them, they should apply to hiht

XIX He st the troops; revivingoffenders; setting a ion, for sending a few soldiers with one of his freedh it was his desire to leave as little as possible in the power of fortune or accident, yet he always engaged the eneht-watches, the la, as he said, in an omen which had never failed him and his ancestors (206) in all their co assassinated by so discovered by his trepidation, was put to the torture, and confessed his intended crime

XX After two years, he returned from Germany to the city, and celebrated the triumph which he had deferred, attended by his lieutenants, for whom he had procured the honour of triumphal ornahted from his chariot, and knelt before his father, who sat by, to superintend the solemnity Bato, the Pannonian chief, he sent to Ravenna, loaded with rich presents, in gratitude for his having suffered him and his army to retire from a position in which he had so enclosed theave the people a dinner at a thousand tables, besides thirty sesterces to each man He likewise dedicated the temple of Concord 323, and that of Castor and Pollux, which had been erected out of the spoils of the war, in his own and his brother's na after carried by the consuls 324 for his being appointed a colleague with Augustus in the ad the census, when that was finished he went into Illyricu his journey, he found Augustus alive indeed, but past all hopes of recovery, and ith hienerally believed, that upon Tiberius's quitting the roo overheard Augustus say, ”Ah! unhappy Roround by the jaws of such a slow devourer!” Nor austus so openly and undisguisedly condemned the sourness of his te in, he would break off any jocular conversation in which he was engaged; and that he was only prevailed upon by the (207) importunity of his wife to adopt hi his own memory from a comparison with such a successor Yet I must hold to this opinion, that a prince so extre rashly, especially in an affair of so great i the vices and virtues of Tiberius with each other, he judged the latter to preponderate; and this the rather since he swore publicly, in an asseood” Besides, in several of his letters, he extols hieneral, and the only security of the Ro instances: ”Farewell, my dear Tiberius, andfor me and the Muses 326 Farewell, allant ain ”The disposition of your summer quarters? In truth, my dear Tiberius, I do not think, that amidst so many difficulties, and with an army so little disposed for action, any one could have behaved more prudently than you have done All those likeere with you, acknowledge that this verse is applicable to you:”

Unus hoilance restored the state

”Whenever,” he says, ”anything happens that requires more than ordinary consideration, or I a for my dear Tiberius; and those lines of Hohts:”

Toutou d' espomenoio kai ek pyros aithomenoio Ampho nostaesuimen, epei peri oide noaesai 328

Bold from his prudence, I could ev'n aspire To dare with hie of fire

”When I hear and read that you are o, may the Gods confoundyou to spare yourself, lest, if we should hear of your being ill, the news prove fatal both to me and your mother, and the Roman people should be in peril for the safety of the e whether I be well or no, if you be not well I pray heaven preserve you for us, and bless you with health both now and ever, if the Gods have any regard for the Roustus public, until he had taken off young Agrippa He was slain by a tribune who co a written order for that purpose: respecting which order, it was then a doubt, whether Augustus left it in his last moments, to prevent any occasion of public disturbance after his decease, or Livia issued it, in the nae of Tiberius or not When the tribune came to inform him that he had executed his co, and you , as it seems, the odium of the act for that time And the affair was soon buried in silence

XXIII Having summoned the senate to un a h, as if unable to support hi that not his voice only, but his very breath of life, ustus's as then brought in, and read by a freed admitted, but such as were of the senatorian order, the rest owning their hand-writing without doors The will began thus: ”Since my ill-fortune has deprived me of my two sons, Caius and Lucius, let Tiberius Caesar be heir to two-thirds of my estate” These words countenanced the suspicion of those ere of opinion, that Tiberius was appointed successor ustus could not refrain froh he made no scruple to assu orders that he (209) should be attended by the guards, ere the security and badge of the supre, to refuse it for a long ti his friends who entreated hiovern in suspense the senate, when they iuous answers, and a crafty kind of dissimulation; inso the confusion, ”Either let him accept it, or decline it at once;” and a second told him to his face, ”Others are slow to perform what they promise, but you are slow to promise what you actually perfor of the miserable and burdensoovern it some time or other The exact words he used were these: ”Until the tiive so deers which threatened hiot a wolf by the ears” For a slave of Agrippa's, Cleether a considerable force to revenge his master's death; Lucius Scribonius Libo, a senator of the first distinction, was secretly fo a rebellion; and the troops both in Illyricuh demands, particularly that their pay should be uards The are a prince as not their own choice; and urged, with all possible iovernh he obstinately refused it It was Tiberius's apprehension fron him soe proper, since no man could be sufficient for the whole, without one or more to assist him He pretended likewise to be in a bad state of health, that Gerht thehiue in the governot Clein his reign by an act of severity, he did not call Libo to an account before the senate until his second year, being content, in theproper precautions for his own security For upon Libo's attending a sacrifice ah-priests, instead of the usual knife, he ordered one of lead to be given him; and when he desired a private conference with hirant his request, but on condition that his son Drusus should be present; and as they walked together, he held hi upon him, until the conversation was over

XXVI When he was delivered fro, and he did not carry himself much above the level of a private person; and of the reat honours offered him, he accepted but few, and such as were very moderate His birth-day, which happened to fall at the tiames, he with difficulty suffered to be honoured with the addition of only a single chariot, drawn by two horses He forbad temples, flamens, or priests to be appointed for hiies for hiranted only on condition that they should not be placed ast the ornaments of houses He also interposed to prevent the senate fro tocalled Tiberius, and October being named after Livia The praenonomen of FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY, and a civic crown in the vestibule of his house, he would not accept He never used the nah he inherited it, in any of his letters, excepting those addressed to kings and princes Nor had he more than three consulshi+ps; one for a few days, another for threehis absence from the city, until the ides [fifteenth] of May

XXVII He had such an aversion to flattery, that he would never suffer any senator to approach his litter, as he passed the streets in it, either to pay him a civility, or upon business (211) And when ahis pardon for soiven him, attempted to fall at his feet, he started from him in such haste, that he stumbled and fell If any compliment was paid him, either in conversation or a set speech, he would not scruple to interrupt and repri once called ”lord,” 330 by soht no more be affronted in that manner When another, to excite veneration, called his occupations ”sacred,” and a third had expressed himself thus: ”By your authority I have waited upon the senate,” he obliged the persuasion, instead of ”authority,” and in the other, laborious, instead of ”sacred”

XXVIII He remained unmoved at all the aspersions, scandalous reports, and laainst hiue and thethat soht be taken of those offences, and the persons charged with them, he replied, ”We have not so ht to involve ourselves in331 for such proceedings, you will soon have nothing else to do All private quarrels will be brought before you under that pretence” There is also on record another sentence used by hi: ”If he speaks otherwise of me, I shall take care to behave in such a ood account both of my words and actions; and if he persists, I shall hate his were so much the more remarkable in him, because, in the respect he paid to individuals, or the whole body of the senate, he went beyond all bounds Upon his differing with Quintus Haterius in the senate-house, ”Pardon me, sir,” he said, ”I beseech you, if I shall, as a senator, speak mythe senate in general, he said: ”Conscript Fathers, I have often said it both now and at other tiood (212) and useful prince, whoht to be a slave to the senate, to the whole body of the people, and often to individuals likewise: nor aood, kind, and indulgent masters, and still find you so”

xxx He likewise introduced a certain show of liberty, by preserving to the senate and istrates their forreat or small importance, public or private, were laid before the senate Taxes andand disbanding soldiers, the disposal of the legions and auxiliary forces in the provinces, the appointement of extraordinary wars, and the answers to letters fron princes, were all submitted to the senate He compelled the commander of a troop of horse, as accused of robbery attended with violence, to plead his cause before the senate He never entered the senate-house but unattended; and being once brought thither in a litter, because he was indisposed, he dismissed his attendants at the door

xxxI When some decrees were made contrary to his opinion, he did not even istrates after their nomination should be allowed to absent themselves from the city, but reside in it constantly, to receive their honours in person, a praetor-elect obtained liberty to depart under the honorary title of a legate at large Again, when he proposed to the senate, that the Trebians ranted them to divert some money which had been left the a new theatre, to that ofa road, he could not prevail to have the will of the testator set aside And when, upon a division of the house, he went over to the s of a public nature were likewise transacted by the istrates, and in the usual forreat, that some ambassadors from Africa applied to them, and complained, that they could not have their business dispatched by Caesar, to whom they had been sent And no wonder; since it was observed that he used to rise up as the consuls approached, and give them the way

(213) xxxII He reprimanded some persons of consular rank in co to the senate an account of their proceedings, and for consulting him about the distribution of ht to bestow theed proper He co office, revived an old custo the memory of his ancestors, in a speech to the people He attended the corpses of some persons of distinction to the funeral pile He displayed the sas of inferior consideration Thedispatched to him a letter on public business, which was not subscribed, he sent for the them so much as one harsh word, desired therammarian, who used to hold public disquisitions, at Rhodes every sabbath-day, once refused hi to hear hie by a servant, postponing his ad to Ro at his door to be allowed to pay his respects to hiain at the end of seven years To soovernors, who advised him to load the provinces with taxes, he answered, ”It is the part of a good shepherd to shear, not flay, his sheep”

xxxIII He assurees, and exercised it for a long tienerally with a due regard to the public good At first he only interposed to prevent ill ly, he rescinded soistrates sat for the administration of justice, he frequently offered his service as assessor, either taking his place pro himself in a corner of the tribunal If a rumour prevailed, that any person under prosecution was likely to be acquitted by his interest, he would suddenly make his appearance, and from the floor of the court, (214) or the praetor's bench, rees of the laws, and of their oaths, and the nature of the charge brought before them, he likewise took upon himself the correction of public lect, or evil custom

xxxIV He reduced the expense of the plays and public spectacles, by di the nurievous complaints to the senate, that the price of Corinthian vessels was become enormous, and that three mullets had been sold for thirty thousand sesterces: upon which he proposed that a new sumptuary law should be enacted; that the butchers and other dealers in viands should be subject to an assize, fixed by the senate yearly; and the aediles co-houses and taverns, so far as not even to perality in the public by his own example, he would often, at his solemn feasts, have at his tables victuals which had been served up the day before, and were partly eaten, and half a boar, affirood bits that the whole had” He published an edict against the practice of people's kissing each other when they ifts 333 to be presented after the calends [the first] of January was passed He had been in the habit of returning these offerings four-fold, andannoyed by the continual interruption to which he was exposed during the wholehim on the festival, he returned none after that day

xxxV Married woh not prosecuted publicly, he authorised the nearest relations to punish by agree to ancient custoation of an oath he had taken, never to turn away his wife; and allowed hiht in criminal intercourse with her son-in-law Wonity ofthemselves prostitutes, to avoid (215) the punish men of the senatorian and equestrian orders, to secure theainst a decree of the senate, which prohibited their perfore, or in the amphitheatre, voluntarily subjected theraded All those he banished, that none for the future ht evade by such artifices the intention and efficacy of the law He stripped a senator of the broad stripes on his robe, upon inforardens before the calends [the first] of July, in order that he ht afterwards hire a house cheaper in the city He likewise dis, the day after he had been lucky in drawing his lot, a hom he had married only the day before

xxxVI He suppressed all foreign religions, and the Egyptian 334 and Jewish rites, obliging those who practised that kind of superstition, to burn their vestments, and all their sacred utensils He distributed the Jewish youths, under the pretence ofthe provinces noted for an unhealthy climate; and dismissed from the city all the rest of that nation as well as those ere proselytes to that religion 335, under pain of slavery for life, unless they co for pardon, and pro to renounce their profession, he revoked his decree

xxxVII But, above all things, he was careful to keep the (216) public peace against robbers, burglars, and those ere disaffected to the government He therefore increased the nuhout Italy; and formed a camp at Rome for the pretorian cohorts, which, till then, had been quartered in the city He suppressed with great severity all tu out; and took every precaution to prevent the been killed in a quarrel which happened in the theatre, he banished the leaders of the parties, and the players about whom the disturbance had arisen; nor could all the entreaties of the people afterwards prevail upon hi refused to permit the removal of the corpse of a centurion of the first rank from the forum, until they had extorted froladiators, he detached a cohort frodo the cause of their ates, with their ar seized the greatest part of the people, and the istrates, they were ies of all places of refuge The Cyzicenians having coe upon some Romans, he deprived theood services in the Mithridatic war Disturbances fron eneainst them in person; nor would he even employ his lieutenants, but with much reluctance, and when it was absolutely necessary Princes ere ill-affected towards him, he kept in subjection, more by menaces and remonstrances, than by force of arms Some whom he induced to come to him by fair words and promises, he never would permit to return home; as Maraboduus the German, Thrascypolis the (217) Thracian, and Archelaus the Cappadocian, whose kingdom he even reduced into the form of a province