Part 2 (1/2)

XLII But to show that he was a prince who regarded ood of his people than their applause, he repri of the scarcity and dearness of wine ”My son-in-law, Agrippa,” he said, ”has sufficiently provided for quenching your thirst, by the great plenty of water hich he has supplied the town” Upon their deift which he had promised them, he said, ”I a him for one which he had not pro the the, whatever I may have intended to do” With the same strict firmness, when, upon a promise he had made of a donative, he found st the citizens, he declared that no one should receive anything as not included in the proave the rest less than he had proht hold out On one occasion, in a season of great scarcity, which it was difficult to reht for sale, the gladiators (105) belonging to thephysicians and the teachers of the liberal sciences Part of the domestic slaves were likewise ordered to be dismissed When, at last, plenty was restored, he writes thus ”I wasthe people corn at the public expense, because they trust so much to it, that they are too lazy to till their lands; but I did not persevere in n, as I felt sure that the practice would some time or other be revived by soed the affair ever afterwards, that as much account was taken of husbandmen and traders, as of the idle populace 183 XLIII In the nunificence of his public spectacles, he surpassed all former example Four-and-twenty tiames upon his own account, and three-and-twenty tiistrates as were either absent, or not able to afford the expense The performances took place sometimes in the different streets of the city, and upon several stages, by players in all languages The same he did not only in the forum and amphitheatre, but in the circus likewise, and in the septa 184: and so of wild beasts He entertained the people restlers in the Campus Martius, where wooden seats were erected for the purpose; and also with a naval fight, for which he excavated the ground near the Tiber, where there is now the grove of the Caesars During these two entertain advantage of the sht be exposed to depredations In the circus he exhibited chariot and foot races, and combats ild beasts, in which the perforhest rank His favourite spectacle was the Trojan ga in age and station; thinking (106) that it was a practice both excellent in itself, and sanctioned by ancient usage, that the spirit of the young nobles should be displayed in such exercises Caius Nonius Asprenas, as laold collar, and allowed him and his posterity to bear the surnaave up the exhibition of this game, in consequence of a severe and bitter speech made in the senate by Asinius Pollio, the orator, in which he corandson, who likewise broke his leg in the sahts to act upon the stage, or to fight as gladiators; but only before the practice was prohibited by a decree of the senate Thenceforth, the only exhibition heood fahed only seventeen pounds, but had a stentorian voice In one of his public spectacles, he brought the hostages of the Parthians, the first ever sent to Roh the middle of the amphitheatre, and placed them in the second tier of seats above him He used likewise, at ti was brought to Roratify curiosity, to expose it to public view, in any place whatever; as he did a rhinoceros in the Septa, a tiger upon a stage, and a snake fifty cubits lung in the Coames, which he perfored to attend the Thensae 185, reclining on a litter Another ti of the theatre of Marcellus, the joints of his curule chair happening to give way, he fell on his back And in the garandsons, when the people were in such consternation, by an alar, that all his efforts to re-assure them and keep them quiet, failed, he moved from his place, and seated hiht to be exposed to er

XLIV He corrected the confusion and disorder hich the spectators took their seats at the public games, after an affront which was offered to a senator at Puteoli, for whom, in a crowded theatre, no one would make room He therefore procured a decree of the senate, that in all public spectacles of any sort, and in any place whatever, the first tier of benches should be left empty for the accommodation of senators He would not even permit the ambassadors of free nations, nor of those which were allies of Ro found that some manumitted slaves had been sent under that character He separated the soldiery froned to married plebeians their particular rows of seats To the boys he assigned their own benches, and to their tutors the seats which were nearest it; ordering that none clothed in black should sit in the centre of the circle 186 Nor would he allow any woladiators, except froh they formerly used to take their places proins he granted seats in the theatre, reserved for them only, opposite the praetor's bench He excluded, however, the whole feah-priest, he deferred producing a pair of co; and intimated by proclamation, ”his pleasure that no woman should appear in the theatre before five o'clock”

XLV He generally viewed the Circensian games himself, from the upper rooms of the houses of his friends or freedmen; sometimes from the place appointed for the statues of the Gods, and sitting in company with his wife and children He (108) occasionally absented himself from the spectacles for several hours, and soy, and appointing substitutes to preside in his stead When present, he never attended to anything else either to avoid the reflections which he used to say were co letters andthe spectacles; or fro those exhibitions; of which heit This hehonorary crowns and handsoames exhibited by others; and he never was present at any perfor, according to their ilistic contests, especially those of the Latins, not only between combatants who had been trained scientifically, whom he used often to match with the Greek cha in streets, and tilting at randoe of the art In short, he honoured with his patronage all sorts of people who contributed in any way to the success of the public entertaines of the wrestlers He prohibited coiven He deprived the e-players, which by an ancient laas allowed the their jurisdiction entirely to the time of performance and misdemeanours in the theatres He would, however, adreatest exertions of the wrestlers and gladiators in their several encounters He went so far in restraining the licentiousness of stage-players, that upon discovering that Stephanio, a perforhest class, had a married woman with her hair cropped, and dressed in boy's clothes, to wait upon hih all the three theatres, and then banished hiainst hied in the court of his own house, which, however, was open to the public And Pylades he not only banished froer at a spectator by who the eyes of the audience upon hiulated the city and its concerns, he aug in it no less than twenty-eight colonies 187, and greatly improved it by public works, and a beneficial application of the revenues In rights and privileges, he rendered it in aa new kind of suffrage, which the principal officers and ht take at hoainst the time of the elections To increase the nu the lower ranks, he granted the petitions of all those who requested the honour of doing hts, provided their demands were seconded by the recommendation of the town in which they lived; and when he visited the several districts of Italy, he distributed a thousand sesterces a head to such of the lower class as presented hihters

XLVII The more important provinces, which could not with ease or safety be entrusted to the governistrates, he reserved for his own adst the proconsuls: but soes, and frequently visited most of both kinds in person Soreat licentiousness were hastening to ruin, he deprived of their independence Others, which were much in debt, he relieved, and rebuilt such as had been destroyed by earthquakes To those that could produce any instance of their having deserved well of the Roman people, he presented the freedom of Latium, or even that of the City There is not, I believe, a province, except Africa and Sardinia, which he did not visit After forcing sextus Poe in those provinces, he was indeed preparing to cross over from Sicily to them, but was prevented by continual and violent storms, and afterwards there was no occasion or call for such a voyage

XLVIII Kingdoht of conquest, a few only excepted, he either restored to their former possessors 188, or conferred upon aliens Between (110) kings of alliance with Ro always ready to proe or friendshi+p ast them; and, indeed, treated them all with the same consideration, as if they were members and parts of the empire To such of theuardians, until they arrived at age, or recovered their senses; and the sons of ht up and educated with his own

XLIX With respect to the arhout the several provinces, he stationed a fleet at Misenum, and another at Ravenna, for the protection of the Upper and Lower Seas 189 A certain number of the forces were selected, to occupy the posts in the city, and partly for his own body-guard; but he disuard, which he retained about him till the fall of Antony; and also the Geruards, until the defeat of Varus Yet he never perreater force than three cohorts in the city, and had no (pretorian) cahbourhood of the nearest towns, in winter and suhout the eard to their pay and their pensions; deter to their rank in the army, the time they had served, and their private ht not be teitators for a revolution For the purpose of providing a fund always ready to meet their pay and pensions, he instituted a military exchequer, and appropriated new taxes to that object In order to obtain the earliest intelligence of as passing in the provinces, he established posts, consisting at first of youngthe ular couriers with fast vehicles; which appeared to him the most commodious, because the persons ere the bearers of dispatches, written on the spot, ht then be questioned about the business, as occasion occurred

L In sealing letters-patent, rescripts, or epistles, he at first used the figure of a sphinx, afterwards the head of Alexander (111) the Great, and at last his own, engraved by the hand of Dioscorides; which practice was retained by the succeeding e his letters, putting down exactly the tiht at which they were dispatched

LI Of his clenal instances For, not to enumerate how many and what persons of the adverse party he pardoned, received into favour, and suffered to rise to the highest eht it sufficient to punish Junius Novatus and Cassius Patavinus, ere both plebeians, one of theh the forrippa, a very scurrilous letter against him, and the other declared openly, at an entertainreat deal of coe to stab him” In the trial of Aees exhibited against him, it was particularly insisted upon, that he used to calumniate Caesar, he turned round to the accuser, and said, with an air and tone of passion, ”I wish you could make that appear; I shall let Aelianus know that I have a tongue too, and shall speak sharper of him than he ever did of me” Nor did he, either then or afterwards, make any farther inquiry into the affair And when Tiberius, in a letter, coreat earnestness, he returned hi terive way to the ardour of youth in this affair; nor be so indignant that any person should speak ill of h, for us, if we can prevent any one froh he knew that it had been customary to decree temples in honour of the proconsuls, yet he would not permit them to be erected in any of the provinces, unless in the joint names of himself and Rome Within the limits of the city, he positively refused any honour of that kind He melted down all the silver statues which had been erected to him, and converted the whole into tripods, which he consecrated to the Palatine Apollo And when the people importuned him to accept the dictatorshi+p, he bent down on one knee, with his toga thrown over his shoulders, and his breast exposed to view, begging to be excused

(112) LIII He always abhorred the title of Lord 191, as ill-omened and offensive And when, in a play, performed at the theatre, at which he was present, these words were introduced, ”O just and gracious lord,” and the whole company, with joyful acclamations, testified their approbation of them, as applied to him, he instantly put a stop to their indecent flattery, by waving his hand, and frowning sternly, and next day publicly declared his displeasure, in a proclamation He never afterwards would suffer himself to be addressed in that rand-children, either in jest or earnest and forbad them the use of all such complimentary expressions to one another He rarely entered any city or town, or departed fro any person the trouble of co his consulshi+ps, he commonly walked the streets on foot; but at other tie He admitted to court even plebeians, in co the petitions of those who approached him with so much affability, that he once jocosely rebuked ahim, ”You present yourmoney to an elephant” On senate days, he used to pay his respects to the Conscript Fathers only in the house, addressing them each by name as they sat, without any prompter; and on his departure, he bade each of them farewell, while they retained their seats In the same manner, he maintained with iving them his company upon occasions of any particular festivity in their families; until he became advanced in years, and was inco informed that Gallus Terrinius, a senator, hoht, and under that privation had resolved to starve himself to death, he paid him a visit, and by his consolatory admonitions diverted hi in the senate, he has been told by (113) one of the members, ”I did not understand you,” and by another, ”I would contradict you, could I do it with safety” And so so much offended at the heat hich the debates were conducted in the senate, as to quit the house in anger, some of the ht to have liberty of speech on overnment” Antistius Labeo, in the election of a new senate, when each, as he was named, chose another, noustus's ene asked by the latter, ”Is there no other person ?” he replied, ”Every man has his own opinion” Nor was any one ever h it was carried to the extent of insolence

LV Even when soainst him were dispersed in the senate-house, he was neither disturbed, nor did he give himself much trouble to refute them He would not so much as order an enquiry to be made after the authors; but only proposed, that, for the future, those who published libels or laainst any person, should be called to account

LVI Being provoked by soned to render him odious, he answered them by a procla an act, to restrain the liberties which were taken with others in people's wills Whenever he attended at the election of istrates, he went round the tribes, with the candidates of his noed the votes of the people in the usual ave his own vote in his tribe, as one of the people He suffered himself to be summoned as a witness upon trials, and not only to be questioned, but to be cross-exa his Foru to coive up their property He never reco these words, ”If they deserve it” And upon the audience rising on their entering the theatre, while they were yetposition, he made it a matter of serious complaint

(114) He was desirous that his friends should be great and powerful in the state, but have no exclusive privileges, or be exeoverned others When Asprenas Nonius, an inti poison at the instance of Cassius Severus, he consulted the senate for their opinion as his duty under the circumstances: ”For,” said he, ”I am afraid, lest, if I should stand by hiuilty e a friend” With the unanimous concurrence, therefore, of the senate, he took his seat a hi to character, as was usual He likewise appeared for his clients; as on behalf of Scutarius, an old soldier of his, who brought an action for slander He never relieved any one frole instance, in the case of a iven information of the conspiracy of Muraena; and that he did only by prevailing upon the accuser, in open court, to drop his prosecution

LVII How much he was beloved for his worthy conduct in all these respects, it is easy to i of the decrees of the senate in his honour, which may seem to have resulted frohts voluntarily, and with one accord, always celebrated his birth for two days together; and all ranks of the people, yearly, in performance of a vow they had made, threw a piece offor his welfare They likewise, on the calends [first] of January, presented for his acceptance new-year's gifts in the Capitol, though he was not present hich donations he purchased soes of the Gods, which he erected in several streets of the city; as that of Apollo Sandaliarius, Jupiter Tragoedus 193, and others When his house on the Palatine hill was accidentally destroyed by fire, the veteran soldiers, the judges, the tribes, and even the people, individually, contributed, according to the ability of each, for rebuilding it; but he would (115) accept only of some small portion out of the several sums collected, and refused to take frole denarius 194 Upon his return home from any of the provinces, they attended his It is also remarked, that as often as he entered the city, the infliction of punishment was suspended for the time

LVIII The whole body of the people, upon a sudden impulse, and with unanimous consent, offered him the title of FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY It was announced to him first at Antiu the honour, they repeated their offer on his return to Rome, in a full theatre, when they were croith laurel The senate soon afterwards adopted the proposal, not in the way of accla M Messala, in an unani terms: ”With hearty wishes for the happiness and prosperity of yourself and your faustus, (for we think we thuswelfare of the state), the senate, in agreement with the Roman people, salute you by the title of FATHER OF YOUR COUNTRY” To this coustus replied, with tears in his eyes, in these words (for I give the now arrived at the summit ofof the Immortal (116) Gods, but the continuance of this your affection for me to the last moments of my life?”

LIX To the physician Antonius Musa 196, who had cured hierous illness, they erected a statue near that of Aesculapius, by a general subscription Some heads of families ordered in their wills, that their heirs should lead victims to the Capitol, with a tablet carried before theustus still survived” Some Italian cities appointed the day upon which he first visited the of their year Andteames, to be celebrated to his honour, in s, his friends and allies, built cities in their respective kingdoave the name of Caesarea; and all with one consent resolved to finish, at their common expense, the te before, and consecrate it to his Genius They frequently also left their kingdoa, attended and paid their respects to him daily, in the manner of clients to their patrons; not only at Roh the provinces

LXI Having thus given an account of the manner in which he filled his public offices both civil and overnment of the empire, both in peace and war; I shall now describe his private and do his friends and dependents, and the fortune attending him in those scenes of retirement, from his youth to the day of his death He lost his mother in his first consulshi+p, and his sister Octavia, when he was in the fifty-fourth year of his age 197 He behaved towards the, and after their decease paid the highest honours to their me to the daughter of Publius Servilius Isauricus; but upon his reconciliation with Antony after their first rupture 198, the ar on a fahter Claudia, the daughter of Fulvia by Publius Claudius, although at that tieable; and upon a difference arising with his mother-in-law Fulvia, he divorced her untouched, and a pure virgin Soon afterwards he took to wife Scribonia, who had before been twice married to men of consular rank 199, and was aquite tired out, as he himself writes, with the perverseness of her tenant, from her husband Tiberius Nero; and she had never any rival in his love and esteehter nah extremely desirous of issue She, indeed, conceived once, but hter Julia in the first instance to Marcellus, his sister's son, who had just corippa, having prevailed with his sister to yield her son-in-law to his wishes; for at that tirippa was rippa dying also, he for a long tiht of several matches for Julia in even the equestrian order, and at last resolved upon selecting Tiberius for his step-son; and he obliged hinant, and who had already brought him a child Mark Antony writes, ”That he first contracted Julia to his son, and afterwards to Cotiso, king of the Getae 201, dee for hirippa and Julia, nahters, Julia and Agrippina Julia he rippina to Gerrandson Caius and Lucius he adopted at home, by the ceremony of purchase 202 fro, to offices in the state, and when they were consuls-elect, sent thehter and grand-daughters, he accustoed the openly before the faht be put down in the diary He so strictly prohibited theers, that he once wrote a letter to Lucius Vinicius, a handsoood family, in which he told hi a visit to randsons hie; and he laboured nothingHe never supped but he had the at the foot of his couch; nor ever travelled but with the beside him

LXV But in the ulated fahter and grand-daughter, abandoned themselves to such courses of lewdness and debauchery, that he banished thehteenin Lycia, and the latter at Marseilles His third grandson Agrippa, with his step-son Tiberius, he adopted in the forum, by a law passed for the purpose by the Sections 203; but he soon afterwards discarded Agrippa for his coarse and unruly temper, and confined him at Surrentum He bore the death of his relations with race; for he was not overwhelmed by the loss of Caius and Lucius; but in the case of his daughter, he stated the facts to the senate in athe heart to be present himself; indeed, he was so much ashamed of her infamous conduct, that for so her to death It is certain that when one Phoebe, a freed-woed herself about the same time, he said, ”I had rather be the father of Phoebe than of Julia” In her banishment he would not allow her the use of wine, nor any luxury in dress; nor would he suffer her to be waited upon by any male servant, either free received an exact account of his age, stature, complexion, and what marks or scars he had about him At the end of five years he removed her from the island [where she was confined] to the continent 204, and treated her with less severity, but could never be prevailed upon to recall her When the Roman people interposed on her behalf several tiave was: ”I wish you had all such daughters and wives as she is” He likewise forbad a child, of which his grand-daughter Julia was delivered after sentence had passed against her, to be either owned as a relation, or brought up Agrippa, as equally intractable, and whose folly increased every day, he transported to an island 205, and placed a guard of soldiers about hi at the sa life Upon any mention of hih, Aith' ophelon agaonos t' apoletai

Would I ifeless, or had childless died! 206 nor did he usually call them by any other name than that of his ”three imposthu friendshi+ps, but clung to the the virtues andlikeith their faults and vices, provided that they were (120) of a venial kind For ast all his friends, we scarcely find any who fell into disgrace with him, except Salvidienus Rufus, whom he raised to the consulshi+p, and Cornelius Gallus, whoypt; both of theed in plotting a rebellion, he delivered over to the senate, for conderateful andin any of the provinces When, however, Gallus, being denounced by his accusers, and sentenced by the senate, was driven to the desperate extre violent hands upon himself, he commended, indeed, the attachnation, but he shed tears, and lamented his unhappy condition, ”That I alone,” said he, ”cannot be allowed to resent the misconduct of my friends in such a way only as I would wish” The rest of his friends of all orders flourished during their whole lives, both in power and wealth, in the highest ranks of their several orders, notwithstanding so of others, he sorippa was hasty, and Mecaenas a tattler; the for thrown up all his eht coolness, and froreaterconfidentially imparted to his wife Terentia the discovery of Muraena's conspiracy

He likewise expected fro their lives, soh he was far fro their property, and indeed would never accept of any legacy left hier, yet he pondered in aable to conceal his chagrin, if in their wills they ht, or no very honourable mention of hirateful sense of his favours, and a hearty affection for hiacies or shares of their property were left him by such as were parents, he used to restore to their children, either ie, upon the day of their assue; with interest

LXVII As a patron and ; but when occasion required it, he (121) could be severe He advanced reat importance, as Licinus, Enceladus, and others; and when his slave, Cosmus, had reflected bitterly upon hi him in fetters When his steward, Diomedes, left him to the mercy of a wild boar, which suddenly attacked theether, he considered it rather a cowardice than a breach of duty; and turned an occurrence of no small hazard into a jest, because there was no knavery in his steward's conduct He put to death Proculus, one of hisa cris of his secretary, Thallus, for taking a bribe of five hundred denarii to discover the contents of one of his letters And the tutor and other attendants of his son Caius, having taken advantage of his sickness and death, to give loose to their insolence and rapacity in the province he governed, he caused heavy weights to be tied about their necks, and had them thrown into a river

LXVIII In his early youth various aspersions of an infamous character were heaped upon hi an effe his adoption from his uncle by prostitution Lucius Antony, likewise Mark's brother, charges hiratification of three hundred thousand sesterces, he had sub, that he used to singe his legs with burnt nut-shells, to make the hair become softer 207 Nay, the whole concourse of the people, at so sentence was recited, alluding to the Gallic priest of thea druito teer play!