Part 12 (1/1)

The Garcia Marquez (GM) and Barcha Pardo (BP) Fauaran Family

The Buendia Family in One Hundred Years of Solitude One Hundred Years of Solitude

Notes

ABBREVIATIONS

GMGarcia Marquez GGMGabriel Garcia Marquez OHYSOne Hundred Years of Solitude Prologue: Froins Obscure (18001899) 1 This section, despite its somewhat literary style, is based directly upon conversations with Luisa Santiaga Marquez in Cartagena in 1991 and in Barranquilla in 1993; and on Gabriel Garcia Marquez's (henceforth GGM's) and his sister Margarita's (henceforth Margot's) own recollections This section, despite its somewhat literary style, is based directly upon conversations with Luisa Santiaga Marquez in Cartagena in 1991 and in Barranquilla in 1993; and on Gabriel Garcia Marquez's (henceforth GGM's) and his sister Margarita's (henceforth Margot's) own recollections2 This prologue and the next three chapters are based upon conversations with all the members of the Garcia Marquez (henceforth GM) family and many members of the extended family over the period 19912008, as well as many journeys around the Colombian Costa from Sucre to Riohacha and beyond, some of them with GGM's brothers The ia GM, a Mormon, who considers it her duty to research her faia above all that I owe the faot Valdeblanquez de Diaz-Granados, who spent long periods in her grandfather Colonel Marquez's house in the 1920s and 1930s; Ricardo Marquez Iguaran, who in 1993 and 2008 gave me invaluable information on the family ramifications in the Guajira; and Rafael Osorio Martinez, who in 2007 gave detailed insight into Gabriel Eligio Garcia's faeneral and rather vague knowledge of the details of this fa structure and dynay is extraordinary and the stories of specific relatives blessed or cursed with colourful or draeneral a biographer of GGM also depends heavily on random snippets of information which appear froraphical works are Oscar Collazos, This prologue and the next three chapters are based upon conversations with all the members of the Garcia Marquez (henceforth GM) family and many members of the extended family over the period 19912008, as well as many journeys around the Colombian Costa from Sucre to Riohacha and beyond, some of them with GGM's brothers The ia GM, a Mormon, who considers it her duty to research her faia above all that I owe the faot Valdeblanquez de Diaz-Granados, who spent long periods in her grandfather Colonel Marquez's house in the 1920s and 1930s; Ricardo Marquez Iguaran, who in 1993 and 2008 gave me invaluable information on the family ramifications in the Guajira; and Rafael Osorio Martinez, who in 2007 gave detailed insight into Gabriel Eligio Garcia's faeneral and rather vague knowledge of the details of this fa structure and dynay is extraordinary and the stories of specific relatives blessed or cursed with colourful or draeneral a biographer of GGM also depends heavily on random snippets of information which appear froraphical works are Oscar Collazos, Garcia Marquez: la soledad y la gloria Garcia Marquez: la soledad y la gloria (Barcelona, Plaza y Janes, 1983), helpful but brief, and, most substantially, Dasso Saldivar, (Barcelona, Plaza y Janes, 1983), helpful but brief, and, most substantially, Dasso Saldivar, Garcia Marquez: el viaje a la serafia Garcia Marquez: el viaje a la seuara, 1997), on GGM's life to 1967: its most useful contribution is the inforround to the two sides of the GM family and on his childhood and schooldays Historically the first biographical study was Mario Vargas Llosa, (Madrid, Alfaguara, 1997), on GGM's life to 1967: its most useful contribution is the inforround to the two sides of the GM family and on his childhood and schooldays Historically the first biographical study was Mario Vargas Llosa, Garcia Marquez: historia de un deicidio Garcia Marquez: historia de un deicidio (Barcelona, Barral, 1971), which is also a work of literary criticish factually unreliable, it is especially illuas Llosa's information came direct from GGM in the late 1960s Equally iio Garcia, (Barcelona, Barral, 1971), which is also a work of literary criticish factually unreliable, it is especially illuas Llosa's information came direct from GGM in the late 1960s Equally iio Garcia, Tras las claves de Melquiades: historia de ”Cien anos de soledad” Tras las claves de Melquiades: historia de ”Cien anos de soledad” (Bogota, Norraphical reflections before his brilliant but not always accurate 2002 ota, Norraphical reflections before his brilliant but not always accurate 2002to Tell the Tale (London, Jonathan Cape, 1993) (its epigraph, ”Life is not what one lived, but what one remembers and how one re) were those in Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza, (London, Jonathan Cape, 1993) (its epigraph, ”Life is not what one lived, but what one remembers and how one re) were those in Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza, The Fragrance of Guava The Fragrance of Guava (London, Faber, 1988), though, taken as a whole, GGM's weekly coluh, taken as a whole, GGM's weekly coluota) and El Pais El Pais (Madrid) between 1980 and 1984 were even lish Juan Luis Cebrian, (Madrid) between 1980 and 1984 were even lish Juan Luis Cebrian, Retrato de GGM Retrato de GGM (Barcelona, Circulo de Lectores, 1989), is a biographical essay with excellent illustrations Mendoza, (Barcelona, Circulo de Lectores, 1989), is a biographical essay with excellent illustrations Mendoza, The Fragrance of Guava The Fragrance of Guava and GGM, and GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale are the only key works on GGM's biography available in English but Stephen Minta, are the only key works on GGM's biography available in English but Stephen Minta, Gabriel Garcia Marquez: Writer of Colombia Gabriel Garcia Marquez: Writer of Colombia (London, Jonathan Cape, 1987) and Gene Bell-Villada, (London, Jonathan Cape, 1987) and Gene Bell-Villada, Garcia Marquez: The Man and His Work Garcia Marquez: The Man and His Work (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1990) are also helpful Literary-critical analyses (see esp Bell, Wood) can be found in the bibliography (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1990) are also helpful Literary-critical analyses (see esp Bell, Wood) can be found in the bibliography3 On ”natural children” see GGM, ”Telepatia sin hilos,” On ”natural children” see GGM, ”Telepatia sin hilos,” El Espectador El Espectador (Bogota), 23 November 1980 See the faota), 23 November 1980 See the family trees in the appendix for the way in which OHYS OHYS replicates the Garcia Martinez and Marquez Iguaran faitiitiuaran faitiitimate unions4 See Guillermo Henriquez Torres, See Guillermo Henriquez Torres, El misterio de los Buendia: el verdadero trasfondo historico de ”Cien anos de soledad” El misterio de los Buendia: el verdadero trasfondo historico de ”Cien anos de soledad” (Bogota, Nueva America, 2003; 2nd revised edition, 2006) Henriquez, a native of Cienaga, believes that the Buendia faota, Nueva America, 2003; 2nd revised edition, 2006) Henriquez, a native of Cienaga, believes that the Buendia family of OHYS OHYS is based on his own farated from Amsterdam to the Caribbean While few readers will s Henriquez's thesis whole, his book provides invaluable background and at of is based on his own farated from Amsterdam to the Caribbean While few readers will s Henriquez's thesis whole, his book provides invaluable background and at of OHYS OHYS5 See GGM, See GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 667, for a revised version of this episode None of Nicolas Marquez's ”natural” children inherited his name: they all carried their mother's surname6 Interview, Barrancas, 1993 Interview, Barrancas, 19937 Jose Luis Diaz-Granados explained his relation to Gabriel Garcia Marquez as follohen I first hteen, had had a son by Altagracia Valdeblanquez; he was called Jose Maria and carried the maternal surname, Valdeblanquez: he was my uaran Cotes, the aunt of my father, Manuel Jose Diaz-Granados Cotes, and had three uaran, mother of Gabriel Garcia Marquez In other words, I am the double cousin of Gabriel Garcia Marquez” This personal story was typical of the entanglements I came across, not only in the admittedly ”exotic” Guajira but everywhere else I travelled in Colombia in the 1990s Indeed JLD-G married a cousin in 1972! Jose Luis Diaz-Granados explained his relation to Gabriel Garcia Marquez as follohen I first hteen, had had a son by Altagracia Valdeblanquez; he was called Jose Maria and carried the maternal surname, Valdeblanquez: he was my uaran Cotes, the aunt of my father, Manuel Jose Diaz-Granados Cotes, and had three uaran, mother of Gabriel Garcia Marquez In other words, I am the double cousin of Gabriel Garcia Marquez” This personal story was typical of the entanglements I came across, not only in the admittedly ”exotic” Guajira but everywhere else I travelled in Colombia in the 1990s Indeed JLD-G ia Garcia Marquez, interview, Bogota, 1991 Ligia Garcia Marquez, interview, Bogota, 19919 There is reason to believe Argemira was one of the prototypes for Pilar Ternera, a central character of There is reason to believe Argemira was one of the prototypes for Pilar Ternera, a central character of OHYS OHYS10 I owe my information on Gabriel Martinez Garrido, who should have been called Gabriel Garrido Martinez, to his grandson Rafael Osorio Martinez His evidence made me realise that GGM could easily have been called Gabriel Garrido Marquez (or, indeed, Gabriel Garrido Cotes); and thiswas GGM's decision to identify with his Liberal grandparents frorandparents from Since (then in Bolivar department) I owe my information on Gabriel Martinez Garrido, who should have been called Gabriel Garrido Martinez, to his grandson Rafael Osorio Martinez His evidence made me realise that GGM could easily have been called Gabriel Garrido Marquez (or, indeed, Gabriel Garrido Cotes); and thiswas GGM's decision to identify with his Liberal grandparents frorandparents from Since (then in Bolivar department)11 When Gabriel junior was married in 1958 and needed his birth certificate, the fae the narandparents so that they appeared as Gabriel Garcia and Argemira Martinez When Gabriel junior was married in 1958 and needed his birth certificate, the fae the narandparents so that they appeared as Gabriel Garcia and Argemira Martinez

1 / Of Colonels and Lost Causes (18991927) 1 See Ernesto Gonzalez Berinacion al poder en Macondo,” See Ernesto Gonzalez Berinacion al poder en Macondo,” Crisis Crisis (Buenos Aires), 1972 (reprinted in Alfonso Renteria Mantilla, ed, (Buenos Aires), 1972 (reprinted in Alfonso Renteria Mantilla, ed, GM habla de GM en 33 grandes reportajes GM habla de GM en 33 grandes reportajes (Bogota, Renteria Editores, 1979) pp 11117), where GGM says he wants Latin Aies”: he wants the continent and its people to start winning His own life is a ota, Renteria Editores, 1979) pp 11117), where GGM says he wants Latin Aies”: he wants the continent and its people to start winning His own life is a monument to this a of Modern Colo of Modern Coloeles, University of California Press, 1993), Eduardo Posada-Carbo, (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1993), Eduardo Posada-Carbo, The Coloional History, 18701950 The Coloional History, 18701950 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996), and Frank Safford and Marco Palacios, (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996), and Frank Safford and Marco Palacios, Colomented Land, Divided Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001) (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001)3 ”Aunt Margarita was sixteen years older than my mother and there were various other children in the years between, all of theirls, and othersUncle Juanito was seventeen years older than ia quoted in Silvia Galvis, ”Aunt Margarita was sixteen years older than my mother and there were various other children in the years between, all of theirls, and othersUncle Juanito was seventeen years older than ia quoted in Silvia Galvis, Los Garcia Marquez Los Garcia Marquez (Bogota, Arango, 1996), p 152 (Bogota, Arango, 1996), p 1524 The Marquez Iguaran faenio Rios, Nicolas's nephew and business partner His daughter Ana Rios was only then Luisa passed through but re her endary days When her sister Francisca Luisa Rios Carrillo was born on 25 August 1925 she was ”baptized” by Luisa teeks after her birth, and thus becauaran faenio Rios, Nicolas's nephew and business partner His daughter Ana Rios was only then Luisa passed through but re her endary days When her sister Francisca Luisa Rios Carrillo was born on 25 August 1925 she was ”baptized” by Luisa teeks after her birth, and thus becarateful to Gustavo Adolfo Rarateful to Gustavo Adolfo Ramirez Ariza for a copy of the Gaceta Departdalena for November 1908 which shows that Nicolas was imprisoned for ”homicide” at Santa Marta on 7 Novedalena for November 1908 which shows that Nicolas was imprisoned for ”homicide” at Santa Marta on 7 November 1908 but had not yet been tried6 Saldivar, Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la seas Llosa and GGM, See Mario Vargas Llosa and GGM, La novela en Ao (Lima, Milla Batres, 1968), p 14 In (Lima, Milla Batres, 1968), p 14 In OHYS OHYS the Nicolas role is played by Jose Arcadio Buendia and Medardo becouilar the Nicolas role is played by Jose Arcadio Buendia and Medardo becouilar8 GGM in conversation, Mexico City, 1999 GGM in conversation, Mexico City, 19999 See See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 40, for GGM's version of this episode10 In In Leaf Storives a romantic, Faulknerian version of e could call the GM fa myth, which blames the exodus on ”the war” (and is indeed much less candid and ”historical” than the still roive later in OHYS OHYS)11 Henriquez, Henriquez, El misterio El misterio, contradicts Saldivar's version of events, which follows the GM fahty-eight kiloe terees (which is why this is GGM's preferred working roohty-eight kiloe terees (which is why this is GGM's preferred working rooo Julio, Aracatacauna historia para contar Aracatacauna historia para contar (Aracataca, 1989, unpublished), an invaluable work of local history despite a tendency to consider GGM's literary works as historiographical evidence in their own right (Aracataca, 1989, unpublished), an invaluable work of local history despite a tendency to consider GGM's literary works as historiographical evidence in their own right14 These tords are ner to get involved It is generally agreed that These tords are ner to get involved It is generally agreed that costenos costenos are the inhabitants of the tropical lowlands in the Caribbean or Atlantic north of the country The original are the inhabitants of the tropical lowlands in the Caribbean or Atlantic north of the country The original cachacos cachacos were the upper-class inhabitants of Bogota, but ota, but many costenos costenos have come to consider all inhabitants of ”the interior” (mainly Andean) of the country as have come to consider all inhabitants of ”the interior” (mainly Andean) of the country as cachacos cachacos, so even the paisas the paisas or inhabitants of Antioquia See GGM, or inhabitants of Antioquia See GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 41215 Judith White, Judith White, Historia de una ignonoota, Editorial Presencia, 1978), pp 1920 Nevertheless Colonel Marquez was undoubtedly one of the town's leading Liberals (He had been President of the Liberal Club in Riohacha when still a young ota, Editorial Presencia, 1978), pp 1920 Nevertheless Colonel Marquez was undoubtedly one of the town's leading Liberals (He had been President of the Liberal Club in Riohacha when still a young man)16 See Saldivar, See Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla GM: el viaje a la semilla, p 50; White, Historia Historia; and Catherine C LeGrand, Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Colombia, 1850-1936 Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Colombia, 1850-1936 (Albuquerque, New Mexico University Press, 1986), p 73 (Albuquerque, New Mexico University Press, 1986), p 7317 See See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 15, where GGM asserts-erroneously-that his grandfather ice Mayor of Aracataca18 See See ibid ibid, p 42, for GGM's narration of this event19 See See ibid ibid, pp 4460, on their courtshi+p, a surprisingly lengthy narrative given that GGM had already told the story another way in Love in the Time of Cholera Love in the Tiia GM, in Galvis, Los GM, pp 1512 Ligia GM, in Galvis, Los GM, pp 151221 GGM does not directly mention his father's surname in his memoir, which is noteworthy, to say the least GGM does not directly mention his father's surname in his memoir, which is noteworthy, to say the least22 GGM hiota, where Pareja was a law professor, had a bookshop and took a leading role in the 1948 GGM hiota, where Pareja was a law professor, had a bookshop and took a leading role in the 1948 Bogotazo Bogotazo23 Cited by Jose Font Castro, ”El padre de GM,” Cited by Jose Font Castro, ”El padre de GM,” El Nacional El Nacional (Caracas), July 1972 See also J Font Castro, ”Las claves reales de (Caracas), July 1972 See also J Font Castro, ”Las claves reales de El amor en los tiempos del colera,” El Pais El amor en los tiempos del colera,” El Pais (Madrid), 19 January 1986 (Madrid), 19 January 198624 This is the version GGM reconstructs in his first novel This is the version GGM reconstructs in his first novel Leaf Storm Leaf Storm (1955) (1955)25 All can still be seen today, with the exception of the house, which was demolished early in 2007 to make way for a reconstructed version and a museum All can still be seen today, with the exception of the house, which was demolished early in 2007 to make way for a reconstructed version and a museuas Llosa and Saldivar use this phrase In Spanish: ”La nina bonita de Aracataca” Both Vargas Llosa and Saldivar use this phrase27 People in Aracataca told me they never saw Luisa out in the street in the 1920s People in Aracataca told me they never saw Luisa out in the street in the 1920s28 Love in the Tinificant extent, as io and Luisa Santiaga Garcia Marquez relates in is based to a significant extent, as io and Luisa Santiaga Garcia Marquez relates in Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale that Aunt Francisca was an accoio was always insistent that she was his worst ene” (”la cancerbera”) that Aunt Francisca was an accoio was always insistent that she was his worst ene” (”la cancerbera”)29 Leonel Giraldo, Leonel Giraldo, ”Siete Dias ”Siete Dias en Aracataca, el pueblo de 'Gabo' GM,” en Aracataca, el pueblo de 'Gabo' GM,” Siete Dias Siete Dias (Buenos Aires), 808, 8-14 Decee Many years later he and his ere asked in an intervieas their best ” Gabriel Eligio answered, ”My bachelor days, how I enjoyed theio would never change Many years later he and his ere asked in an intervieas their best ” Gabriel Eligio answered, ”My bachelor days, how I enjoyed theia GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM Intervieith Ruth Ariza Cotes, Bogota, 200731 Interview, Jose Font Castro, Madrid, 1997 Interview, Jose Font Castro, Madrid, 199732 Vargas Llosa, Vargas Llosa, Historia de un deicidio Historia de un deicidio, p 1433 See See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 59-60 In fact the house where they spent their honeyuaran family next to the custo to Ricardo Marquez Iguaran, who took io's ”excellent ht of 12-13 June 1926 After teeks the couple moved to another, more modest house in the next street34 Clearly there areto the reasons why Nicolas reluctantly assented to their e and why Garcia Marquez's birth date has always been such a problem The most obvious explanation, here as everywhere else in the world, at all tinant out of wedlock and (since the date of the wedding seems not to be in doubt) that Gabito was born well before 6 March (or on 6 March but well overdue) and for that reason was not baptized and registered (by as after all a very respectable, official, law-abiding and God-fearing fa the illegitiio despite parental opposition is a remarkable story Since there seeio, it is possible that her only way of securing her parents' reluctant agreenant However, there is no more than circumstantial evidence for this Clearly there areto the reasons why Nicolas reluctantly assented to their e and why Garcia Marquez's birth date has always been such a problem The most obvious explanation, here as everywhere else in the world, at all tinant out of wedlock and (since the date of the wedding seems not to be in doubt) that Gabito was born well before 6 March (or on 6 March but well overdue) and for that reason was not baptized and registered (by as after all a very respectable, official, law-abiding and God-fearing fa the illegitiio despite parental opposition is a remarkable story Since there seeio, it is possible that her only way of securing her parents' reluctant agreenant However, there is no more than circumstantial evidence for this

2 / The House at Aracataca (19271928) 1 Mendoza, Mendoza, The Fragrance of Guava The Fragrance of Guava, p 172 See John Archer, ”Revelling in the fantastic,” See John Archer, ”Revelling in the fantastic,” Sunday Telegraph Magazine Sunday Telegraph Magazine (London), 8 February 1981 ”One of the ways they kept ht was to tell me that if I moved dead people would come out of every room So when darkness fell I would be terrified” And German Castro Caycedo, ”'Gabo' cuenta la novela de su vida,” (London), 8 February 1981 ”One of the ways they kept ht was to tell me that if I moved dead people would come out of every room So when darkness fell I would be terrified” And German Castro Caycedo, ”'Gabo' cuenta la novela de su vida,” El Espectador El Espectador, 23 March 1977: ”I' houses because dead people only co housesI only buy little houses because dead people don't come out in them”3 Aida GM, in Galvis, Aida GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 99: ”So then the grandson just sort of stayed in randson hirandparents as a present, to please them,” a version which reconciles contradictions in several of the others4 Luis Enrique GM, in Galvis, Luis Enrique GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 1235 See See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 326, for GM's evocation of the house My description is based on careful comparison of GGM's memoirs, the architects' analysis quoted in Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla GM: el viaje a la semilla, and the version established by the architects responsible for the 2008 reconstruction6 See See ibid ibid, p 34, where GM says the room had ”1925” inscribed on it, which is the year it was coot GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 658 See See Leaf Stor to Tell the Tale, p 359 GGM hih the General was assassinated fourteen years before he was born See GGM hih the General was assassinated fourteen years before he was born See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 3310 Like the character in Like the character in Leaf Stor around the house looking for little odd jobs like tightening screws and touching up paint GGM himself would adopt this practice in later years as a way of relaxing between bouts of writing; by that ti workman's overalls in order to write based upon hi for little odd jobs like tightening screws and touching up paint GGM himself would adopt this practice in later years as a way of relaxing between bouts of writing; by that ti work to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 33 and 73-4: GGM says she was ” the Rain in Galicia,” See GGM, ”Watching the Rain in Galicia,” The Best of Granta Travel The Best of Granta Travel (London, Granta/Penguin, 1991), pp 1-5, where GGM describes Tranquilina's ith bread and haain until he visited Galicia: though already eating souin, 1991), pp 1-5, where GGM describes Tranquilina's ith bread and haain until he visited Galicia: though already eating soht back the pleasures but above all the anxieties and solitude of his childhood13 Ligia GM, In Galvis, Ligia GM, In Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 15214 GGM, ”Vuelta a la semilla,” GGM, ”Vuelta a la semilla,” El Espectador El Espectador, 18 Dece Up in Macondo: Gabriel Garcia Marquez,” See ”Growing Up in Macondo: Gabriel Garcia Marquez,” Writers and Places Writers and Places, transcript (BBC2 film, shown 12 February 1981, producer John Archer)16 See German Castro Caycedo, ”'Gabo' cuenta la novela de su vida 6,” See German Castro Caycedo, ”'Gabo' cuenta la novela de su vida 6,” El Espectador El Espectador, 23 March 1977, etc, for the ie of the immobilized child, full of terror, and the obsession in his ith burials17 BBC BBC2, ”Growing Up in Macondo”: ”Everyone in the family is Caribbean and everyone in the Caribbean is superstitious My mother still is today, there are stillinside CatholicismI myself believe in telepathy, premonitions, the power of dreaht up in that world, am still profoundly superstitious and I still interpret h instinct”18 Froot Valdeblanquez based on her raphs; see also Saldivar, Froot Valdeblanquez based on her raphs; see also Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla GM: el viaje a la semilla, pp 96-7, based on the recollections of Sara E Up in Macondo”20 ”Recuerdos de la maestra de GM,” ”Recuerdos de la maestra de GM,” El Espectador El Espectador, 31 October 198221 Story told by Gabriel Eligio to Jose Font Castro Story told by Gabriel Eligio to Jose Font Castro22 See Mendoza, See Mendoza, The Fragrance of Guava The Fragrance of Guava, p 1823 See GGM, ”La vaina de los diccionarios,” See GGM, ”La vaina de los diccionarios,” El Espectador El Espectador, 16 May 1982, in which he recalls his grandfather's misplaced respect for dictionaries and confesses his own pleasure in catching theot Valdeblanquez based on her raphs; see also Saldivar, Froot Valdeblanquez based on her raphs; see also Saldivar, GM GM, pp 103-4, based on the recollections of Sara Emilia Marquez25 White, White, Historia Historia, pp 192026 See Gabriel Fonnegra, See Gabriel Fonnegra, Bananeras: testimonio vivo de una epopeya Bananeras: testiota, Tercer Mundo, nd), pp 278 (Bogota, Tercer Mundo, nd), pp 27827 Ibid Ibid, p 19128 Ibid Ibid, p 2629 See Catherine C LeGrand, ”Living in Macondo: Economy and Culture in a UFC Banana Enclave in Colombia,” in Gilbert M Joseph, Catherine C LeGrand and Ricardo D Salvatore, eds, Close Encounters of E the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations (Durham, NC, Duke, University Press, 1998), pp 33368 (p 348) See Catherine C LeGrand, ”Living in Macondo: Economy and Culture in a UFC Banana Enclave in Colombia,” in Gilbert M Joseph, Catherine C LeGrand and Ricardo D Salvatore, eds, Close Encounters of E the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations (Durham, NC, Duke, University Press, 1998), pp 33368 (p 348)30 GGM, GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 1831 Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla, pp 54, 522 Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla, pp 54, 52232 There is no definitive history of this event and no consensus as to the number of civilians killed by the arical prism There is no definitive history of this event and no consensus as to the number of civilians killed by the arical prisota, ECOE, 2nd ed, 1985), p 54 Carlos Arango, Sobrevivientes de las bananeras (Bogota, ECOE, 2nd ed, 1985), p 5434 See Maria Tila Uribe, Los anos escondidos: suenos y rebeldias en la decada del veinte (Bogota, CESTRA, 1994), p 265 See Maria Tila Uribe, Los anos escondidos: suenos y rebeldias en la decada del veinte (Bogota, CESTRA, 1994), p 26535 See Carlos Cortes Vargas, Los sucesos de las bananeras, ed R Herrera Soto (Bogota, Editorial Desarrollo, 2nd edition, 1979), p 79 See Carlos Cortes Vargas, Los sucesos de las bananeras, ed R Herrera Soto (Bogota, Editorial Desarrollo, 2nd edition, 1979), p 7936 Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castaneda, Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Rodalena: historia y lexico La zona bananera del Magdalena: historia y lexico (Bogota, Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 1979), pp 48, 65 (Bogota, Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 1979), pp 48, 6537 White, White, Historia Historia, p 9938 Herrera and Castaneda, Herrera and Castaneda, La zona bananera La zona bananera, p 5239 Arango, Arango, Sobrevivientes Sobrevivientes, pp 84-640 Fonnegra, Fonnegra, Bananeras Bananeras, pp 136-741 Ibid Ibid, p 13842 Ibid Ibid, p 15443 Jose Maldonado, quoted in Arango, Jose Maldonado, quoted in Arango, Sobrevivientes Sobrevivientes, p 9444 White, White, Historia Historia, p 10145 See GGM, ”Vuelta a la semilla,” See GGM, ”Vuelta a la semilla,” El Espectador El Espectador, 18 December 1983, in which he confesses that ”it was only a few years ago I found out that he [Angarita] had taken up a very definite and coherent position during the strike and the killing of the banana workers” It is extraordinary to discover that GGM did not knowthe actions of his grandfather, Duran, Angarita and others close to hias, Cortes Vargas, Los sucesos de las bananeras Los sucesos de las bananeras, pp 170-71, 174, 1823, 201, 225 Did GGM ever learn about the writing of these letters?47 Transcripts of the docuarita's testimony, can be found in 1928: Transcripts of the docuarita's testimony, can be found in 1928: La ota, Los Coota, Los Co His Grandfather's Hand (1929-1937) 1 See See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 11-13, 80 and 122-5, for memories of these two visits2 In In ibid ibid, p 123, he has her saying ”You don't remember me anymore,” but this should probably be counted an exaot was a disturbed child ould persist in eating earth until she was eight or nine years of age She would inspire the characters of Aot was a disturbed child ould persist in eating earth until she was eight or nine years of age She would inspire the characters of Amaranta and Rebeca in One Hundred Years of Solitude One Hundred Years of Solitude4 BBC BBC2, ”Growing Up in Macondo”5 ”El microcosmos de GM,” ”El microcosmos de GM,” Excelsior Excelsior (Mexico City), 12 April 1971 (Mexico City), 12 April 19716 LeGrand, LeGrand, Frontier Expansion Frontier Expansion, p 737 Margot GM, in Galvis, Los GM, pp 6061 Evidently Margot and Gabito were thoroughly spoilt, as he acknowledges in ”La conduerot GM, in Galvis, Los GM, pp 6061 Evidently Margot and Gabito were thoroughly spoilt, as he acknowledges in ”La conduerma de las palabras,” El Espectador El Espectador, 16 May 19818 It is generally believed in Aracataca that Nicolas bought and then rented out premises in the zone known as Cataquita which were turned into one of the ”academias” or dance halls where both liquor and sex were freely available See Venancio Araraciones en la Zona Bananera del Magdalena” (Bogota, November 1995, Beca Colcultura 1994, I Seenerally believed in Aracataca that Nicolas bought and then rented out premises in the zone known as Cataquita which were turned into one of the ”academias” or dance halls where both liquor and sex were freely available See Venancio Araraciones en la Zona Bananera del Magdalena” (Bogota, November 1995, Beca Colcultura 1994, I Se Up in Macondo”10 See See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 82, on his lifelong fear of the dark11 See Carlota de Olier, ”Habla la o terror al avion,'” See Carlota de Olier, ”Habla la o terror al avion,'” El Espectador El Espectador, 22 October 1982: ”'If my father were alive,' says Dona Luisa, 'he would be happy He always thought that death would prevent hi Gabito's triumphs He intuited that in ti position and often said, ”What a pity I won't be there to see how far this child's intelligence will take him”'”12 See GGM, ”Manos arriba?,” See GGM, ”Manos arriba?,” El Espectador El Espectador, 20 March 1983, which notes that uns13 See Nicolas Suescun, ”El prestidigitador de Aracataca,” See Nicolas Suescun, ”El prestidigitador de Aracataca,” Croins its portrait of GGM the child blinking like a Croins its portrait of GGM the child blinking like athe world and turning it into storiesthe world and turning it into stories14 Margot GM, in Galvis, Margot GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, pp 64515 ”La memoria de Gabriel,” ”La memoria de Gabriel,” La Nacion (Guadalajara) La Nacion (Guadalajara), 1996, p 916 Elena Poniatowska, ”Los Cien anos de soledad se iniciaron con solo 20 dolares” (interview, September 1973), in her Todo Mexico (Mexico City, Diana, 1990) Elena Poniatowska, ”Los Cien anos de soledad se iniciaron con solo 20 dolares” (interview, September 1973), in her Todo Mexico (Mexico City, Diana, 1990)17 GGM told German Castro Caycedo, in ”'Gabo' cuenta la novela de su vida,” GGM told German Castro Caycedo, in ”'Gabo' cuenta la novela de su vida,” El Espectador El Espectador, 23 March 1977, that until he hi forof a comedy18 Galvis, Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 64 The Colonel also wrote frequently to his eldest son Jose Maria Valdeblanquez19 See GGM, ”Vuelta a la semilla,” See GGM, ”Vuelta a la semilla,” El Espectador El Espectador, 18 Decereat familiarity-for the first time-of General Jose Rosario Duran's house, which he and the Colonel must have passed, or even visited, onUp in Macondo” See GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 84, on Father Angarita21 See GGM, ”Memoria feliz de Caracas,” See GGM, ”Memoria feliz de Caracas,” El Espectador El Espectador, 7 March 1982; also Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 43, on the Venezuelans in Aracataca22 See GGM, See GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 24-3223 Saldivar, Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla GM: el viaje a la serandson), Aracataca, Noverandson), Aracataca, Nove to Tell the Tale, pp 18 and 87-825 See GGM, See GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 87-8 and 91-226 GGM, ”La nostalgia de las alas,” Caota), 23 June 2000 Also on Don Eota), 23 June 2000 Also on Don Emilio, see ”El personaje equivoco,” Ca Up in Macondo”28 See Henriquez, See Henriquez, El ot Valdeblanquez de Diaz-Granados, Bogota, 1993 Intervieith Margot Valdeblanquez de Diaz-Granados, Bogota, 199330 See See OHYS OHYS and and Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 66-7, on the arrival of the seventeen bastards with ash on their foreheads31 BBC BBC2, ”Growing Up in Macondo”32 See GGM, See GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 62433 See Galvis, See Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 5934 This was a trau experience, to say the least Garcia Marquez has always said that he did not ”meet” his mother until he was five years old Clearly he must mean ”remember,” because he must have seen her on at least one of the two visits to Barranquilla In any case his first recollection, however conditioned bymoment of his life, later recorded in both This was a trau experience, to say the least Garcia Marquez has always said that he did not ”meet” his mother until he was five years old Clearly he must mean ”remember,” because he must have seen her on at least one of the two visits to Barranquilla In any case his first recollection, however conditioned bymoment of his life, later recorded in both Leaf Stor to Tell the Tale To awareness of his grandmother, his aunts and the servants, then, was now added a concrete awareness of this new personage: his mother35 GGM, ”Cuanto cuesta hacer un escritor?,” GGM, ”Cuanto cuesta hacer un escritor?,” Cambio Cambio 16, Colombia, 11 Dece to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 945, for GGM's recollections and attitude to the school36 According to Fonnegra, According to Fonnegra, Bananeras Bananeras, pp 967, a Pedro Fergusson was Mayor of Aracataca in 192937 See GGM, ”La poesia al alcance de los ninos,” See GGM, ”La poesia al alcance de los ninos,” El Espectador El Espectador, 25 January 198138 Saldivar, Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla GM: el viaje a la semilla, p 12039 ”Recuerdos de la maestra de GM,” ”Recuerdos de la maestra de GM,” El Espectador El Espectador, 31 October 198240 Margot Valdeblanquez, interview, Bogota, 1991 Margot Valdeblanquez, interview, Bogota, 199141 Saldivar, Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla GM: el viaje a la semilla, p 12042 See Saldivar, ”GM: 'La novela que estoy escribiendo esta localizada en Cartagena de Indias, durante el siglo XVIII,'” See Saldivar, ”GM: 'La novela que estoy escribiendo esta localizada en Cartagena de Indias, durante el siglo XVIII,'” Diario 16 Diario 16 (Madrid), 1 April 1989 (Madrid), 1 April 198943 See Rita Guibert, See Rita Guibert, Seven Voices Seven Voices (New York, Vintage, 1973), pp 317-20, for GGM on the relation between his early drawing of comic strips and his desire for public performance, which he was ultie, 1973), pp 317-20, for GGM on the relation between his early drawing of comic strips and his desire for public performance, which he was ulti Up in Macondo”45 GGM, ”La vaina de los diccionarios,” GGM, ”La vaina de los diccionarios,” El Espectador El Espectador, May 198246 Luis Enrique GM, in Galvis, Luis Enrique GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, pp 123447 Family births: Gabito, Aracataca, March 1927; Luis Enrique, Aracataca, Septeot, Barranquilla, Noveia, Aracataca, August 1934 (she remembers the house in Aracataca in Galvis, Family births: Gabito, Aracataca, March 1927; Luis Enrique, Aracataca, Septeot, Barranquilla, Noveia, Aracataca, August 1934 (she remembers the house in Aracataca in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 152); Gustavo, Aracataca, September 1936; then Rita, Barranquilla, July 1939; Jaime, Sucre, May 1940; Hernando (”Nanchi”), Sucre, March 1943; Alfredo (”Cuqui”), Sucre, February 1945; and Eligio Gabriel (”Yiyo”), Sucre, Noverance of Guava The Fragrance of Guava, p 21 (My translation)49 See GGM, ”La tunica fosforescente,” See GGM, ”La tunica fosforescente,” El Tiempo El Tiempo, December 1992; also ”Estas Navidades siniestras,” El Espectador El Espectador, December 1980, in which he says he was five when all this happened In Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 70, he says that he was ten on this occasion, not seven, as chronological laould suggest50 In In Leaf Storm Leaf Storm, pp 5054, Martin, the character based partly on Gabriel Eligio, is both sinister (he uses Guajiro witchcraft, including sticking pins in dolls' eyes) and bland; evidently he never loved Isabel (the character based partly on Luisa) but only wanted contact with the Colonel's influence and money; and he left before his child (the character partly based on GGM) could have any memories of him-which of course is true of GGM's own experience, except in that case Gabriel Eligio also took Luisa ahereas in Leaf Storm Leaf Storm GGM, in wish-fulfilment, has the mother to himself and sends the father away for ever GGM, in wish-fulfilment, has the mother to himself and sends the father away for ever51 ”Recuerdos de la maestra de GM,” ”Recuerdos de la maestra de GM,” El Espectador El Espectador, 31 October 198252 Margot GM, in Galvis, Margot GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 6153 See See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 8554 See Leonel Giraldo, ”Siete Dias en Aracataca, el pueblo de 'Gabo' GM,” See Leonel Giraldo, ”Siete Dias en Aracataca, el pueblo de 'Gabo' GM,” Siete Dias Siete Dias (Buenos Aires), 808, 814 December 1982 (Buenos Aires), 808, 814 December 198255 GGM addresses this question in GGM addresses this question in Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 82456 Margot GM, in Galvis, Margot GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 62 See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 845, for GGM's reflections on the return of his parents; note in particular that although refusing overtly to criticize his father he i that he associates his father with violence (for which, he says, Gabriel Eligio later apologized) Of course most parents physically chastised their children in those days57 See Margot's recollections in Galvis, See Margot's recollections in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 6858 GGM, GGM, Los cuentos de mi abuelo el coronel Los cuentos de mi abuelo el coronel, ed Juan Gustavo Cobo Borda (S to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 95660 Ramiro de la Espriella, ”De 'La casa' fue saliendo todo,” Raen Ien (Caracas), 1972 (Caracas), 197261 See Luis Enrique's hilarious recollections of the journey to Since in Galvis, See Luis Enrique's hilarious recollections of the journey to Since in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, pp 1245; also GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 96762 Intervieith GGM, Mexico City, 1999 Intervieith GGM, Mexico City, 199963 I visited Since with GGM's brother-in-law Alfonso Torres (married to GGM's sister Rita, who had lived there) in 1998 I visited Since with GGM's brother-in-law Alfonso Torres (married to GGM's sister Rita, who had lived there) in 199864 Margot GM, in Galvis, Margot GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 6865 Saldivar, ”GM: 'La novela que estoy escribiendo esta localizada en Cartagena de Indias, durante el siglo XVIII,'” Diario 16, 1 April 1989 These are clearly very important statements GGM's stories and novels are obsessed with corpses but GGM himself seems never to have seen the corpses of people ere important to him until his father died in 1984 In his first story, ”La tercera resignacion” (1947), the narrator hiet buried Saldivar, ”GM: 'La novela que estoy escribiendo esta localizada en Cartagena de Indias, durante el siglo XVIII,'” Diario 16, 1 April 1989 These are clearly very important statements GGM's stories and novels are obsessed with corpses but GGM himself seems never to have seen the corpses of people ere important to him until his father died in 1984 In his first story, ”La tercera resignacion” (1947), the narrator hiet buried66 Guillermo Ochoa, ”Los seres que inspiraron a Gabito,” Guillermo Ochoa, ”Los seres que inspiraron a Gabito,” Excelsior Excelsior (Mexico City), 13 April 1971 Of course he was not eight but ten when his grandfather died (in ”El personaje equivoco,” (Mexico City), 13 April 1971 Of course he was not eight but ten when his grandfather died (in ”El personaje equivoco,” Cambio Cambio, 19-26 June 2000, he says it happened ”when I was not randfather had his fateful accident and it was then that the life he had led until that moment, already threatened by the return of his parents and siblings, effectively came to an end67 Luisa Marquez, interview, Barranquilla, 1993 Luisa Marquez, interview, Barranquilla, 199368 Margot GM, in Galvis, Margot GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 6969 Luis Enrique, in Galvis, Luis Enrique, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 130 Did the always mischievous Luis Enrique know more about the ”acadereso a la guayaba,” GGM, ”Regreso a la guayaba,” El Espectador El Espectador, 10 April 1983 On his relation to Aracataca, see also GGM, ”Vuelta a la semilla,” El Espectador El Espectador, 18 December 1983

4 / Schooldays: Barranquilla, Sucre, Zipaquira (19381946) 1 GGM, GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 128-292 Ibid Ibid, p 1323 Ibid Ibid, pp 14234 Mendoza, Mendoza, The Fragrance of Guava The Fragrance of Guava, p 195 GGM, GGM, Vivir para contarla Vivir para contarla (Mexico City, Diana, 2002), p 173 (My translation) (Mexico City, Diana, 2002), p 173 (My translation)6 Vivir para contarla Vivir para contarla, p 163 (My translation) The fact that he did survive was always attributed by Luisa Santiaga to the fact that she gave him cod-liver oil every day: see Guillermo Ochoa, ”El microcosmos de GM,” Excelsior Excelsior (Mexico City), April 12 1971: ”'The kid smelled of fish all day,' his father says” (Mexico City), April 12 1971: ”'The kid s sections on Sucre draw on ena and Barranquilla, 1991 and 1993, on a conversation with GGM himself in Mexico City in 1999, and on many conversations with all his brothers and sisters down the years-as well as on the published sources recorded in these notes The following sections on Sucre draw on ena and Barranquilla, 1991 and 1993, on a conversation with GGM himself in Mexico City in 1999, and on many conversations with all his brothers and sisters down the years-as well as on the published sources recorded in these notes8 Gustavo GM, in Galvis, Gustavo GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 1859 Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 15510 Vivir para contarla Vivir para contarla, p 188 (My translation)11 Juan Gossain, quoted by Heriberto Fiorillo, Juan Gossain, quoted by Heriberto Fiorillo, La Cueva: cronica del grupo de Barranquilla La Cueva: cronica del grupo de Barranquilla (Bogota, Planeta, 2002), pp 87-8 (Bogota, Planeta, 2002), pp 87-812 Saldivar, GM: Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla el viaje a la seio San Juan But see also Jose A Nunez Segura, ”Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Gabo-Gabito),” Revista Javeriana (Bogota), 352, March 1969, pp 31-6, in which one of the Jesuit teachers at the school retrieves some of GGM's juvenile compositions13 Galvis, Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 7014 GGMto Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 227-815 The youngest, Yiyo, did not entirely agree: he once told er children, the ones born in Sucre, were ”hopeless,” including him, precisely because they were the only ones his father had delivered! The youngest, Yiyo, did not entirely agree: he once told er children, the ones born in Sucre, were ”hopeless,” including him, precisely because they were the only ones his father had delivered!16 See Harley D Oberhelio Garcia habla de Gabito,” in Peter G Earle, ed, See Harley D Oberhelio Garcia habla de Gabito,” in Peter G Earle, ed, Gabriel Garcia Marquez Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Madrid, Taurus, 1981), pp 281-3 Oberhel and experience (Madrid, Taurus, 1981), pp 281-3 Oberhel and experience17 Guillermo Ochoa, ”El microcosmos de GM,” Guillermo Ochoa, ”El microcos to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 22419 GGM in conversation, Mexico City, 1999 GGM in conversation, Mexico City, 199920 Rosario Agudelo, ”Conversaciones con Garcia Marquez,” Rosario Agudelo, ”Conversaciones con Garcia Marquez,” Pueblo Pueblo, suplemento, ”Sabado Literario” (Madrid), 2 May 1981 In other versions GGM laughs this trau to Tell the Tale gives a kind of interives a kind of intermediate version; and Memories of My Melancholy Whores Meives a fictionalized account gives a fictionalized account21 Popular Caribbean enre whose style evolved out of the Popular Caribbean enre whose style evolved out of the cumbia cumbia, Colombia's traditional national dance rhythena El abuelo de Macondo,” Roberto Ruiz, ”Eligio Garcia en Cartagena El abuelo de Macondo,” El Siglo El Siglo, 31 October 196923 Quoted by Gossain in Fiorillo, Quoted by Gossain in Fiorillo, La Cueva La Cueva, p 88 Gabriel Eligio later denied the intention to trepan24 See GGM, ”El cuento del cuento (Conclusion),” See GGM, ”El cuento del cuento (Conclusion),” El Espectador El Espectador, 2 September 1981, in which he recalls his adolescent days in Sucre (un-named) and states that they were ”the freest years of my life” On his attitude to prostitutes, see Claudia Dreifus, ”Gabriel Garcia Marquez,” Playboy Playboy 30:2, February 1983 30:2, February 198325 Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 16626 My translation See My translation See Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 168-7127 ibid ibid, p 17428 See GGM, ”Bogota 1947,” See GGM, ”Bogota 1947,” El Espectador El Espectador, 21 October 1981 and ”El rio de nuestra vida,” El Espectador El Espectador, 22 March 1981 The writer Christopher Isherwood visited Coloo David Arango See his evocation of the journey in See his evocation of the journey in The Condor and the Cows The Condor and the Cows (London, Methuen, 1949) (London, Methuen, 1949)29 GGM, GGM, The Autumn of the Patriarch The Autumn of the Patriarch (London, Picador, 1978), p 16 (London, Picador, 1978), p 1630 Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 179-8031 The best evocation of this entire journey and the arrival in Bogota is in German Castro Caycedo, ”'Gabo' cuenta la novela de su vida 1 and 2,” The best evocation of this entire journey and the arrival in Bogota is in German Castro Caycedo, ”'Gabo' cuenta la novela de su vida 1 and 2,” El Espectador El Espectador, 23 March 197732 GGM, ”Bogota 1947,” GGM, ”Bogota 1947,” El Espectacdor El Espectacdor, 18 October 198133 GGM, GGM, Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 184-534 The best source on the school at Zipaquira is Saldivar, The best source on the school at Zipaquira is Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla GM: el viaje a la semilla Much of my information is based on an intervieith a schoolota, 1998 Much of my information is based on an intervieith a schooludelo, ”Conversaciones con Garcia Marquez,” Rosario Agudelo, ”Conversaciones con Garcia Marquez,” Pueblo Pueblo, suplemento, ”Sabado Literario” (Madrid), 2 May 198136 See Aline Helg, See Aline Helg, La educacion en Colombia La educacion en Colombia 19181957: 19181957: una historia social, econoota, CEREC, 1987) (Bogota, CEREC, 1987)37 GGM, ”'Estoy comprometido hasta el tuetano con el periodismo politico' GGM, ”'Estoy comprometido hasta el tuetano con el periodismo politico' Alternativa Alternativa entrevista a GGM,” Alternativa (Bogota), 29, 31 March-13 April 1975, p 3 entrevista a GGM,” Alternativa (Bogota), 29, 31 March-13 April 1975, p 338 See Juan Gustavo Cobo Borda, ”Cuatro horas de comadreo literario con GGM” (interview 23 March 1981), in his See Juan Gustavo Cobo Borda, ”Cuatro horas de comadreo literario con GGM” (interview 23 March 1981), in his Silva, Arciniegas, Mutis y Garcia Marquez Silva, Arciniegas, Mutis y Garcia Marquez (Bogota, Presidencia de la Republica, 1997), pp 469-82 (p 475) (Bogota, Presidencia de la Republica, 1997), pp 469-82 (p 475)39 Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 19640 Quoted by Carlos Rincon, ”GGM entra en los 65 anos Tres o cuatro cosas que querria saber de el,” Quoted by Carlos Rincon, ”GGM entra en los 65 anos Tres o cuatro cosas que querria saber de el,” El Espectador El Espectador, 1 March 199241 Margot Garcia Marquez told nant with Nanchi, it happened again This tiot upset She was in bed in the two-storey house in Sucre square and she wouldn't get up That time she even screa, with each of her pregnancies, she always lost weight, it was aot really upset for her and wanted to do soot Garcia Marquez told nant with Nanchi, it happened again This tiot upset She was in bed in the two-storey house in Sucre square and she wouldn't get up That time she even screa, with each of her pregnancies, she always lost weight, it was aot really upset for her and wanted to do so about it, but she wouldn't let me”42 Luis Enrique GM, Galvis, Luis Enrique GM, Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 14643 Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 217-1844 Saldivar, GM: Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la semilla el viaje a la semilla, p 15645 Dario too caht up away from his owntales of war Thirty years later Garcia Marquez's Dario too caht up away from his owntales of war Thirty years later Garcia Marquez's The Autumn of the Patriarch The Autu tribute to Dario's poetic language would be, ae46 Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 20547 ”La ex-novia del nobel Colombiano,” ”La ex-novia del nobel Colombiano,” El Pais El Pais (Madrid), 7 October 2002 (Madrid), 7 October 200248 Vivir para contarla Vivir para contarla, p 242 (My translation)49 See GGM, See GGM, One Hundred Years of Solitude One Hundred Years of Solitude (London, Picador, 1978), pp 2930 (London, Picador, 1978), pp 293050 Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, p 20451 Ibid Ibid, p 19352 Ibid Ibid, p 19353 See Saldivar, See Saldivar, GM: el viaje a la se to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 193-454 See German Santamaria, ”Carlos Julio Calderon Hermida, el profesor de GM,” See German Santamaria, ”Carlos Julio Calderon Herota, Colcultura), 39, 1983, pp 4-5 (Bogota, Colcultura), 39, 1983, pp 4-555 In interviews after he beca written poetry: see, for example, his conversation with Maria Esther Gilio, ”Escribir bien es un deber revolucionario,” In interviews after he beca written poetry: see, for example, his conversation with Maria Esther Gilio, ”Escribir bien es un deber revolucionario,” Triunfo Triunfo (Madrid), 1977, included in Renteria, ed, (Madrid), 1977, included in Renteria, ed, GM habla de GM en 33 grandes reportajes GM habla de GM en 33 grandes reportajes56 See See La Casa Grande La Casa Grande (Mexico City/Bogota), 1:3, February-April 1997, p 45, where the poem is published ”thanks to Dasso Saldivar and Luis Villar Borda” (Mexico City/Bogota), 1:3, February-April 1997, p 45, where the poem is published ”thanks to Dasso Saldivar and Luis Villar Borda”57 Living to Tell the Tale Living to Tell the Tale, pp 205-658 Ligia GM, in Galvis, Ligia GM, in Galvis, Los GM Los GM, p 165: ”When Gabito fell in love with Mercedes she was a girl of eight in a pinafore dress with little ducks on”59 See Beatriz Lopez de Barcha, ”'Gabito espero a que yo creciera,'” See Beatriz Lopez de Barcha, ”'Gabito espero a que yo creciera,'” Carrusel Carrusel, Revista de El Tieota), 10 December 198260 This was republished by Hector Abad Gomez, ”GM poeta?,” This was republished by Hector Abad Gomez, ”GM poeta?,” El Tiempo El Tiempo, Lecturas Dominicale