Part 2 (2/2)

We inates But to what opposition or to what diversity do we refer this ”whence”? I think it is to the opposition between conscious daily life and a psychic activity re unconscious which can only ht I thus find a threefold possibility for the origin of a wish Firstly, itto external circuratification, there is thus left for the night an acknowledged but unfulfilled wish Secondly, itthe day but be rejected, leaving an unfulfilled but suppressed wish Or, thirdly, itto those wishes that originate during the night from the suppression Iffollow our scheme of the psychic apparatus, we can localize a wish of the first order in the system Forec We may assume that a wish of the second order has been forced back from the Forec system into the Unc system, where alone, if anywhere, it canof the third order we consider altogether incapable of leaving the Unc syste from these different sources possess the same value for the dream, and whether they have the sa the drea this question, we are at once moved to add as a fourth source of the dreaht, such as thirst and sexual desire It then becomes evident that the source of the dream-wish does not affect its capacity to incite a drea the day asserts itself in the dreareat many examples I shall mention a very si lady, whose younger friend has becohout the day by her acquaintances whether she knows and what she thinks of the fiance She ansith unqualified praise, thereby silencing her own judgment, as she would prefer to tell the truth, naht she dreams that the same question is put to her, and that she replies with the formula: ”In case of subsequent orders it will suffice to mention the number” Finally, we have learned from numerous analyses that the wish in all dreams that have been subject to distortion has been derived from the unconscious, and has been unable to co state Thus it would appear that all wishes are of the same value and force for the dream formation

I am at present unable to prove that the state of affairs is really different, but I aent determination of the dream-wish Children's dreams leave no doubt that an unfulfilled wish of the day et that it is, after all, the wish of a child, that it is a wish-feeling of infantile strength only I have a strong doubt whether an unfulfilled wish from the day would suffice to create a dream in an adult It would rather seem that as we learn to control our impulses by intellectual activity, we more and more reject as vain the formation or retention of such intense wishes as are natural to childhood In this, indeed, there may be individual variations; soer than others The differences are here the sainally distinct visual ieneral, however, I am of the opinion that unfulfilled wishes of the day are insufficient to produce a dreainating in conscious like contribute towards the incitement of dreainate if the foreconscious ere not reinforced from another source

That source is the unconscious I believe that the conscious wish is a drea a siestions obtained through the psychoanalysis of the neuroses, I believe that these unconscious wishes are always active and ready for expression whenever they find an opportunity to unite themselves with an ereater intensity to the lesser intensity of the latter[1] It may therefore seem that the conscious wish alone has been realized in a dreaht peculiarity in the formation of this dream will put us on the track of the powerful helper from the unconscious These ever active and, as it were, iendary titans who from time immemorial have borne the ponderous mountains which were once rolled upon them by the victorious Gods, and which even now quiver frohty limbs; I say that these wishes found in the repression are of thein, as we have learned froation of the neuroses I should like, therefore, to withdraw the opinion previously expressed that it is uniinates, and replace it by another, as follows: The wish manifested in the dreainates in the Unc, while in the child, where no separation and censor as yet exist between Forec and Unc, or where these are only in the process of formation, it is an unfulfilled and unrepressed wish fro state I aenerally demonstrated, but I maintain nevertheless that it can be frequently demonstrated, even when it was not suspected, and that it cannot be generally refuted

The wish-feelings which reated to the background in the dream formation In the dream content I shall attribute to them only the part attributed to thesleep If I now take into account those other psychic instigations re state which are not wishes, I shall only adhere to the line ht We y of our waking thoughts by deciding to go to sleep He is a good sleeper who can do this; Napoleon I is reputed to have been a model of this sort But we do not always succeed in acco it perfectly Unsolved proble i sleep,psychic processes in the system which we have ter into sleep roups: 1, That which has not been ter to casual prevention; 2, that which has been left unfinished by temporary paralysis of our mental power, _ie_ the unsolved; 3, that which has been rejected and suppressed during the day This unites with a powerful group (4) for the day by the work of the foreconscious Finally, weof the indifferent and hence unsettled impressions of the day

We should not underrate the psychic intensities introduced into sleep by these reroup of the unsolved These excitations surely continue to strive for expression during the night, and westate renders impossible the usual continuation of the excitement in the foreconscious and the ter conscious As far as we can nor the night, in so far we are not asleep I shall not venture to state what change is produced in the Forec syste state, but there is no doubt that the psychological character of sleep is essentially due to the change of energy in this very system, which also do sleep In contradistinction to this, there seey of the dream to warrant the assues in the conditions of the Unc system Hence, for the nocturnal excitation in the Force, there remains no other path than that followed by the wish excitements from the Unc This excitation must seek reinforcement from the Unc, and follow the detours of the unconscious excitations But what is the relation of the foreconscious day remnants to the dream? There is no doubt that they penetrate abundantly into the dream, that they utilize the drea the night; indeed, they occasionally even dominate the dream content, and impel it to continue the work of the day; it is also certain that the day remnants may just as well have any other character as that of wishes; but it is highly instructive and even decisive for the theory of wish-fulfillment to see what conditions they must comply with in order to be received into the dream

Let us pick out one of the drea_, the dream in which my friend Otto seems to show the symptoms of Basedow's disease My friend Otto's appearance occasionedthe day, and this worry, like everything else referring to this person, affected s followedout as the ht my worry found expression in the dream which I have reported, the content of which was not only senseless, but failed to show any wish-fulfillruous expression of the solicitude felt during the day, and analysis revealed the connection I identified my friend Otto with a certain Baron L and myself with a Professor R There was only one explanation foriht I must have always been prepared in the Unc to identify myself with Professor R, as it meant the realization of one of the ireat Repulsive ideas respecting my friend, that would certainly have been repudiated in a waking state, took advantage of the opportunity to creep into the dream, but the worry of the day likewise found soh a substitution in the dreaht, which was no wish in itself but rather a worry, had in some way to find a connection with the infantile now unconscious and suppressed wish, which then allowed it, though already properly prepared, to ”originate” for consciousness The er must be the connection to be established; between the contents of the wish and that of the worry there need be no connection, nor was there one in any of our exanificance of the unconscious wish for the dream It may be admitted that there is a whole class of drealy or even exclusively from the remnants of daily life; and I believe that even my cherished desire to become at some future time a ”professor extraordinarius” would have allowed ht had not my worry about my friend's health been still active But this worry alone would not have produced a dream; the motive power needed by the dream had to be contributed by a wish, and it was the affair of the worriment to procure for itself such wish as a uratively, it is quite possible that a day thought plays the part of the contractor (_entrepreneur_) in the dream But it is known that no matter what idea the contractorit into operation, he can do nothing without capital; he must depend upon a capitalist to defray the necessary expenses, and this capitalist, who supplies the psychic expenditure for the dream is invariably and indisputably a wish fro thought may be

In other cases the capitalist himself is the contractor for the dream; this, indeed, seems to be the more usual case An unconscious wish is produced by the day's work, which in turn creates the dream The dream processes, moreover, run parallel with all the other possibilities of the economic relationshi+p used here as an illustration Thus, the entrepreneur may contribute some capital himself, or several entrepreneurs may seek the aid of the same capitalist, or several capitalists may jointly supply the capital required by the entrepreneur Thus there are dreams produced by more than one dream-wish, and many similar variations which may readily be passed over and are of no further interest to us What we have left unfinished in this discussion of the dream-e shall be able to develop later

The ”tertium comparationis” in the comparisons just employed--_ie_ the sum placed at our free disposal in proper allotment--admits of still finer application for the illustration of the dreanize in most dreams a center especially supplied with perceptible intensity This is regularly the direct representation of the wish-fulfillment; for, if we undo the displaceression, we find that the psychic intensity of the elehts is replaced by the perceptible intensity of the ele the wish-fulfill to do with its sense, but prove to be descendants of painful thoughts which oppose the wish But, owing to their frequently artificial connection with the central element, they have acquired sufficient intensity to enable them to come to expression Thus, the force of expression of the wish-fulfillment is diffused over a certain sphere of association, within which it raises to expression all ele those that are in the wishes we can readily separate from one another the spheres of the individual wish-fulfillaps in the dream likewise can often be explained as boundary zones

Although the foregoing renificance of the day remnants for the dreaive theredient in the formation of the drea fact that every dream shows in its content a connection with some impression of a recent day, often of the most indifferent kind So far we have failed to see any necessity for this addition to the dream mixture This necessity appears only e follow closely the part played by the unconscious wish, and then seek infory of the neuroses We thus learn that the unconscious idea, as such, is altogether incapable of entering into the foreconscious, and that it can exert an influence there only by uniting with a har to the foreconscious, to which it transfers its intensity and under which it allows itself to be concealed This is the fact of transference which furnishes an explanation for sooccurrences in the psychic life of neurotics

The idea from the foreconscious which thus obtains an uned by the transference, or it may have forced upon it aidea I trust the reader will pardon my fondness for comparisons from daily life, but I feel te for the repressed idea are si in Austria for the Aets perular physician to use his naal requirements Moreover, just as it is naturally not the busiest physicians who form such alliances with dental practitioners, so in the psychic life only such foreconscious or conscious ideas are chosen to cover a repressed idea as have not themselves attracted much of the attention which is operative in the foreconscious The unconscious entangles with its connections preferentially either those impressions and ideas of the foreconscious which have been left unnoticed as indifferent, or those that have soon been deprived of this attention through rejection It is a familiar fact from the association studies confirmed by every experience, that ideas which have formed intiative attitude to whole groups of new connections I once tried from this principle to develop a theory for hysterical paralysis

If we assume that the same need for the transference of the repressed ideas which we have learned to know from the analysis of the neuroses makes its influence felt in the dream as well, we can at once explain two riddles of the drea of a recent impression, and that this recent element is frequently of the most indifferent character We may add e have already learned elsewhere, that these recent and indifferent elements come so frequently into the drea of the dreahts, for the further reason that they have least to fear fro censor But while this freedom from censorshi+p explains only the preference for trivial elements, the constant presence of recent elements points to the fact that there is a need for transference Both groups of impressions satisfy the demand of the repression for material still free from associations, the indifferent ones because they have offered no inducement for extensive associations, and the recent ones because they have had insufficient time to form such associations

We thus see that the day re which we may now include the indifferent impressions when they participate in the dream formation, not only borrow from the Unc the motive power at the disposal of the repressed wish, but also offer to the unconscious so indispensable, namely, the attachment necessary to the transference If we here attempted to penetrate more deeply into the psychic processes, we should first have to throw ht on the play of emotions between the foreconscious and the unconscious, to which, indeed, we are urged by the study of the psychoneuroses, whereas the dream itself offers no assistance in this respect

Just one further remark about the day remnants There is no doubt that they are the actual disturbers of sleep, and not the dreauard sleep But we shall return to this point later

We have so far discussed the dream-wish, we have traced it to the sphere of the Unc, and analyzed its relations to the day remnants, which in turn may be either wishes, psychic emotions of any other kind, or simply recent impressions We have thus made room for any claiht activity in dreaht series, it would not be at all impossible for us to explain even those extreme cases in which the dreas to a happy conclusion and unsolved probleht reveal the infantile or repressed wish source furnishi+ng such alliance and successful strengthening of the efforts of the foreconscious activity But we have not come one step nearer a solution of the riddle: Why can the unconscious furnish thesleep? The answer to this question ht on the psychic nature of wishes; and it will be given with the aid of the diagram of the psychic apparatus

We do not doubt that even this apparatus attained its present perfection through a long course of development Let us attempt to restore it as it existed in an early phase of its activity From assumptions, to be confirmed elsewhere, we know that at first the apparatus strove to keep as free from excitement as possible, and in its first formation, therefore, the scheme took the fore through theit from without But this simple function was disturbed by the wants of life, which likewise furnish the impulse for the further development of the apparatus The wants of life first reat physical needs The excitement aroused by the inner want seeks an outlet in es” or as an ”expression of the eets helplessly, but its situation re from an inner want requires, not a e can occur only if in soratification is experienced--which in the case of the child h outside help--in order to remove the inner excitement An essential constituent of this experience is the appearance of a certain perception (of food in our example), the memory picture of which thereafter remains associated with the memory trace of the excitation of want

Thanks to the established connection, there results at the next appearance of this want a psychic feeling which revives the memory picture of the former perception, and thus recalls the former perception itself, _ie_ it actually re-establishes the situation of the first gratification We call such a feeling a wish; the reappearance of the perception constitutes the wish-fulfillment, and the full revival of the perception by the want excitement constitutes the shortest road to the wish-fulfillment We may assume a primitive condition of the psychic apparatus in which this road is really followed, _ie_ where the wishi+ng es into an hallucination, This first psychic activity therefore aims at an identity of perception, _ie_ it aims at a repetition of that perception which is connected with the fulfillment of the want

This primitive mental activity must have been modified by bitter practical experience into a more expedient secondary activity The establishressive road within the apparatus does not in another respect carry with it the result which inevitably follows the revival of the saratification does not take place, and the want continues In order to equalize the internal with the external suy, the former must be continually maintained, just as actually happens in the hallucinatory psychoses and in the deliriu to the object desired In order to make more appropriate use of the psychic force, it becoression so as to prevent it froe ofultimately to the establishment of the desired identity from the outer world This inhibition and consequent deviation from the excitation becomes the task of a second systeh whose activity the expenditure of motility is now devoted to previously recalled purposes But this entire complicated mental activity which works its way from the memory picture to the establishment of the perception identity from the outer world merely represents a detour which has been forced upon the wish-fulfill but the equivalent of the hallucinatory wish; and if the dream be called a wish-fulfill but a wish can impel our psychic apparatus to activity The drearessive path, thereby preserves for us only an example of the primary form of the psychic apparatus which has been abandoned as inexpedient What once ruled in the waking state when the psychic life was still young and unfit see state, just as we see again in the nursery the bow and arrow, the discarded priment of the abandoned psychic life of the child_ In the psychoses these modes of operation of the psychic apparatus, which are nor state, reassert themselves, and then betray their inability to satisfy our wants in the outer world

The unconscious wish-feelings evidently strive to assert the the day also, and the fact of transference and the psychoses teach us that they endeavor to penetrate to consciousness and doh the syste between the Unc and the Forec, the assumption of which is forced upon us by the dreauardian of our psychic health But is it not carelessness on the part of this guardian to diht and to allow the suppressed e possible the hallucinatory regression? I think not, for when the critical guardian goes to rest--and we have proof that his sluate to s from the otherwise inhibited Unc may roam about on the scene, they need not be interfered with; they remain harmless because they are unable to put ininfluence upon the outer world Sleep guarantees the security of the fortress which is under guard Conditions are less harh a nocturnal dih pathological enfeebleical reinforcement of the unconscious excitations, and this while the foreconscious is charged with energy and the avenues to uardian is then overpowered, the unconscious excitations subdue the Forec; through it they dominate our speech and actions, or they enforce the hallucinatory regression, thus governing an apparatus not designed for them by virtue of the attraction exerted by the perceptions on the distribution of our psychic energy We call this condition a psychosis

We are now in the best position to coical construction, which has been interrupted by the introduction of the two systeiving further consideration to the wish as the sole psychic motive power in the dream We have explained that the reason why the dream is in every case a wish realization is because it is a product of the Unc, which knows no other aim in its activity but the fulfillment of wishes, and which has no other forces at its disposal but wish-feelings If we avail ourselves for a ht to elaborate froical speculations, we are in duty bound to de the dream into a relationshi+p which may also comprise other psychic structures If there exists a systeous to it for the purpose of our discussion--the dream cannot be its sole manifestation; every dream may be a wish-fulfillment, but there must be other forms of abnormal wish-fulfillment beside this of dreams Indeed, the theory of all psychoneurotic symptoms culminates in the proposition _that they too must be taken as wish-fulfillments of the unconscious_ Our explanation roupof which ical part of the psychiatric proble_, the hysterical symptoms, evince one essential quality which I have so far failed to find in the dreaations frequently referred to in this treatise, I know that the formation of an hysterical symptom necessitates the combination of both streams of our psychic life The symptom is not merely the expression of a realized unconscious wish, but it must be joined by another wish from the foreconscious which is fulfilled by the same symptom; so that the symptom is at least doubly deter systems Just as in the dream, there is no limit to further over-determination The determination not derived from the Unc is, as far as I can see, invariably a strea_, a self-punisheneral, that _an hysterical sy wish-fulfill their source in different psychic systems, are able to combine in one expression_ (Coin of the hysterical symptoms in a treatise published by the _Zeitschrift fur sexualwissenschaft_, by Hirschfeld and others, 1908) Exa but a co of the complication in question would carry conviction I therefore content myself with the mere assertion, and will cite an example, not for conviction but for explication The hysterical vo of a female patient proved, on the one hand, to be the realization of an unconscious fancy fronant and have a multitude of children, and this was subsequently united with the wish that she ainst this immoderate wish there arose a powerful defensive iure and beauty, so that she would not find favor in the eyes ofwith her punitive trend of thought, and, being thus admissible from both sides, it was allowed to beco to a wish-fulfillment which the queen of the Parthians chose for the triun out of greed for gold, she caused old to be poured into the throat of the corpse ”Now hast thou what thou hast longed for” As yet we know of the dream only that it expresses a wish-fulfill foreconscious permits this only after it has subjected the wish to some distortions We are really in no position to deonistic to the dream-hich is realized in the dream as in its counterpart Only now and then have we found in the dream traces of reaction formations, as, for instance, the tenderness toward friend R in the ”uncle dream” But the contribution fro here,syste to expression with manifold distortions a wish fro the necessary changes of energy in the psychic apparatus, and h the entire duration of sleep[3]

This persistent wish to sleep on the part of the foreconscious in general facilitates the formation of the drealeaht to the conclusion that the body has been set on fire We have shown that one of the psychic forces decisive in causing the father to forlea the life of the child seen in the drea from the repression probably escape us, because we are unable to analyze this dream But as a second motive power of the dream we may mention the father's desire to sleep, for, like the life of the child, the sleep of the father is prolonged for ao on, otherwise I must wake up” As in this dream so also in all other dreams, the wish to sleep lends its support to the unconscious wish We reported dreams which were apparently drea, all dreanation The efficacy of the wish to continue to sleep is thedreams, which so transform the objective sensory stimulus as to render it compatible with the continuance of sleep; they interweave this stihtto the outer world But this wish to continue to sleep must also participate in the for state from within only ”Now, then, sleep on; why, it's but a dreaestion of the Forec to consciousness when the dreaeneral way the attitude of our doht rehout our entire sleeping state we are just as certain that we are drea We are coainst this conclusion that our consciousness is never directed to a knowledge of the fore of the latter only on special occasions when the censor is unexpectedly surprised Against this objection we may say that there are persons who are entirely conscious of their sleeping and drea, and who are apparently endoith the conscious faculty of guiding their dream life Such a dreamer, when dissatisfied with the course taken by the dreains it anew in order to continue it with a different turn, like the popular author who, on request, gives a happier ending to his play Or, at another ti situation, he thinks in his sleep: ”I do not care to continue this dream and exhaust myself by a pollution; I prefer to defer it in favor of a real situation”

[1] They share this character of indestructibility with all psychic acts that are really unconscious--that is, with psychic acts belonging to the system of the unconscious only These paths are constantly open and never fall into disuse; they conduct the discharge of the exciting process as often as it becomes endoith unconscious excitement To speak metaphorically they suffer the saion in the Odyssey, oke to new life theon the foreconscious system are destructible in a different way The psychotherapy of the neuroses is based on this difference

[2] Le Lorrain justly extols the wish-fulfile de recourir a cette lutte opinatre et longue qui use et corrode les jouissances poursuivies”

[3] This idea has been borrowed from The Theory of Sleep by Liebault, who revived hypnotic investigation in our days (_Du Sommeil provoque_, etc; Paris, 1889)

VII

THE FUNCTION OF THE DREAM

Since we know that the foreconscious is suspended during the night by the wish to sleep, we can proceed to an intelligent investigation of the dreae of this process already gained We have shown that the waking activity leaves day rey cannot be entirely re the day one of the unconscious wishes; or both conditions occur simultaneously; we have already discovered the many variations that may take place The unconscious wish has alreadythe day or at any rate with the beginning of sleep, and has effected a transference to it This produces a wish transferred to the recent ain through a reinforcement from the unconscious This wish now endeavors to make its way to consciousness on the norh the foreconscious, to which indeed it belongs through one of its constituent elements It is confronted, however, by the censor, which is still active, and to the influence of which it now succumbs It now takes on the distortion for which the way has already been paved by its transference to the recentreseht reinforced by a transference and distorted in expression by the censor But its further progress is now checked through the dormant state of the foreconscious; this systeainst invasion by di its exciteressive course, which has just been opened by the peculiarity of the sleeping state, and thereby follows the attraction exerted on it by the roups, which they not yet translated into terression the dream takes on the form of dramatization The subject of compression will be discussed later The dream process has now terminated the second part of its repeatedly iressively from the unconscious scenes or phantasies to the foreconscious, while the second part gravitates from the advent of the censor back to the perceptions But when the dream process becomes a content of perception it has, so to speak, eluded the obstacle set up in the Forec by the censor and by the sleeping state It succeeds in drawing attention to itself and in being noticed by consciousness For consciousness, which an for the reception of psychic qualities, may receive stimuli from two sources--first, from the periphery of the entire apparatus, viz from the perception system, and, secondly, from the pleasure and pain stimuli, which constitute the sole psychic quality produced in the transfory within the apparatus All other processes in the system, even those in the foreconscious, are devoid of any psychic quality, and are therefore not objects of consciousness inasmuch as they do not furnish pleasure or pain for perception We shall have to assume that those liberations of pleasure and pain autoulate the outlet of the occupation processes But in order to make possible more delicate functions, it was later found necessary to render the course of the presentations more independent of the manifestations of pain To accomplish this the Forec system needed some qualities of its ohich could attract consciousness, and h the connection of the foreconscious processes with the ns of speech, which is not devoid of qualities Through the qualities of this systean only for the perceptions, now becoan for a part of our mental processes Thus we have now, as it were, two sensory surfaces, one directed to perceptions and the other to the foreconscious mental processes

I must assume that the sensory surface of consciousness devoted to the Forec is rendered less excitable by sleep than that directed to the P-syste up of interest for the nocturnalis to disturb the mind; the Forec wants to sleep But once the drea consciousness through the qualities thus gained The sensory stimulus accomplishes what it was really destined for, nay at the disposal of the Forec in the form of attention upon the stimulant We must, therefore, admit that the dream invariably awakens us, that is, it puts into activity a part of the dormant force of the Forec This force inated as secondary elaboration for the sake of connection and comprehensibility This means that the dream is treated by it like any other content of perception; it is subjected to the same ideas of expectation, as far at least as the material admits As far as the direction is concerned in this third part of the drearessive

To avoid , it will not be amiss to say a feords about the temporal peculiarities of these dreaested by Maury's puzzling guillotine dream, Goblet tries to demonstrate that the dream requires no other ti The awakening requires ti that period One is inclined to believe that the final picture of the drea that it forces the dreamer to awaken; but, as aonly because the drea when it appears ”Un reve c'est un reveil qui coas that Goblet was forced to repudiate eneralize his theory There are, _, soe of the dream-work, we can by noOn the contrary, we must consider it probable that the first part of the drea the day e are still under the domination of the foreconscious The second phase of the dreah the censor, the attraction by the unconscious scenes, and the penetration to perception ht And we are probably always right e assert that we feel as though we had been dreah we cannot say what I do not, however, think it necessary to assu conscious, the dream processes really follow the temporal sequence which we have described, viz that there is first the transferred dream-wish, then the distortion of the censor, and consequently the change of direction to regression, and so on We were forced to form such a succession for the sake of _description_; in reality, however, it isthis path and that, and of e to theis secured which remains From certain personal experiences, I am myself inclined to believe that the dreaht to produce its result; if this be true, the extraordinary art manifested in the construction of the dreaard for comprehensibility as an occurrence of perception may take effect before the dream attracts consciousness to itself To be sure, from now on the process is accelerated, as the dream is henceforth subjected to the same treatment as any other perception It is like fireworks, which require hours of preparation and only a h the dreaains either sufficient intensity to attract consciousness to itself and arouse the foreconscious, which is quite independent of the ti insufficient it must wait until it meets the attention which is set inMost dreaht psychic intensities, for they wait for the awakening This, however, explains the fact that we regularly perceive so suddenly aroused fro, the first glance strikes the perception content created by the dream-work, while the next strikes the one produced froreater theoretical interest are those drea us in the midst of sleep We must bear in mind the expediency elsewhere universally demonstrated, and ask ourselves why the dream or the unconscious wish has the power to disturb sleep, _ie_ the fulfillment of the foreconscious wish This is probably due to certain relations of energy into which we have no insight If we possessed such insight we should probably find that the freedoiven to the dream and the expenditure of a certain amount of detached attention represent for the drea in view the fact that the unconsciousthe day We know from experience that the dreaht, still remains compatible with sleep We wake up for an instant, and i off a fly during sleep, ake ad hoc, and e resume our sleep we have removed the disturbance As demonstrated by familiar examples from the sleep of wet nurses, &c, the fulfillment of the wish to sleep is quite compatible with the retention of a certain aiven direction

But we nizance of an objection that is based on a better knowledge of the unconscious processes Although we have ourselves described the unconscious wishes as always active, we have, nevertheless, asserted that they are not sufficiently strong during the day to make themselves perceptible But e sleep, and the unconscious wish has shown its power to form a dream, and with it to awaken the foreconscious, why, then, does this power beconizance of? Would it not seem more probable that the dream should continually renew itself, like the troublesoain and again? What justifies our assertion that the dream removes the disturbance of sleep?

T