Part 34 (1/2)
”If that's all she is-- a collection of programs.” that's all she is-- a collection of programs.”
”There has to be more to her than that,” said Miro.
”Why?”
”Because if she's nothing more than a collection of programs, even self-writing and self-revising programs, ultimately she was created by some programmer or group of programmers somewhere. In which case she's just acting out the program that was forced on her from the beginning. She has no free will. She's a puppet. Not a person.”
”Well, when it comes to that, maybe you're defining free will too narrowly,” said Ender. ”Aren't human beings the same way, programmed by our genes and our environment?”
”No,” said Miro.
”What else, then?”
”Our philotic connections say that we aren't. Because we're capable of connecting with each other by act of will, which no other form of life on Earth can do. There's something we have, something we are are, that wasn't caused by anything anything else.” else.”
”What, our soul?”
”Not even that,” said Miro. ”Because the priests say that G.o.d created our souls, and that just puts us under the control of another puppeteer. If G.o.d created our will, then he's he's responsible for every choice we make. G.o.d, our genes, our environment, or some stupid programmer keying in code at an ancient terminal-- there's no way free will can ever exist if we as individuals are the result of some external cause.” responsible for every choice we make. G.o.d, our genes, our environment, or some stupid programmer keying in code at an ancient terminal-- there's no way free will can ever exist if we as individuals are the result of some external cause.”
”So-- as I recall, the official philosophical answer is that free will doesn't doesn't exist. Only the illusion of free will, because the causes of our behavior are so complex that we can't trace them back. If you've got one line of dominoes knocking each other down one by one, then you can always say, Look, this domino fell because that one pushed it. But when you have an infinite number of dominoes that can be traced back in an infinite number of directions, you can never find where the causal chain begins. So you think, That domino fell because it wanted to.” exist. Only the illusion of free will, because the causes of our behavior are so complex that we can't trace them back. If you've got one line of dominoes knocking each other down one by one, then you can always say, Look, this domino fell because that one pushed it. But when you have an infinite number of dominoes that can be traced back in an infinite number of directions, you can never find where the causal chain begins. So you think, That domino fell because it wanted to.”
”Bobagem,” said Miro.
”Well, I admit that it's a philosophy with no practical value,” said Ender. ”Valentine once explained it to me this way. Even if there is no such thing as free will, we have to treat each other as if there were were free will in order to live together in society. Because otherwise, every time somebody does something terrible, you can't punish him, because he can't help it, because his genes or his environment or G.o.d made him do it, and every time somebody does something good, you can't honor him, because he was a puppet, too. If you think that everybody around you is a puppet, why bother talking to them at all? Why even try to plan anything or create anything, since everything you plan or create or desire or dream of is just acting out the script your puppeteer built into you.” free will in order to live together in society. Because otherwise, every time somebody does something terrible, you can't punish him, because he can't help it, because his genes or his environment or G.o.d made him do it, and every time somebody does something good, you can't honor him, because he was a puppet, too. If you think that everybody around you is a puppet, why bother talking to them at all? Why even try to plan anything or create anything, since everything you plan or create or desire or dream of is just acting out the script your puppeteer built into you.”
”Despair,” said Miro.
”So we conceive of ourselves and everyone around us as volitional beings. We treat everyone as if they did things with a purpose in mind, instead of because they're being pushed from behind. We punish criminals. We reward altruists. We plan things and build things together. We make promises and expect each other to keep them. It's all a made-up story, but when everybody believes that everybody's actions are the result of free choice, and takes and gives responsibility accordingly, the result is civilization.”
”Just a story.”
”That's how Valentine explained it. That is, if if there's no free will. I'm not sure what she actually believes herself. My guess is that she'd say that she is civilized, and therefore she must believe the story herself, in which case she absolutely believes in free will and thinks this whole idea of a made-up story is nonsense-- but that's what she'd believe even if it were true, and so who can be sure of anything.” there's no free will. I'm not sure what she actually believes herself. My guess is that she'd say that she is civilized, and therefore she must believe the story herself, in which case she absolutely believes in free will and thinks this whole idea of a made-up story is nonsense-- but that's what she'd believe even if it were true, and so who can be sure of anything.”
Then Ender laughed, because Valentine had laughed when she first told him all this many years ago. When they were still only a little bit past childhood, and he was working on writing The Hegemon The Hegemon, and was trying to understand why his brother Peter had done all the great and terrible things he did.
”It isn't funny,” said Miro.
”I thought it was,” said Ender.
”Either we're free or we're not,” said Miro. ”Either the story's true or it isn't.”
”The point is that we have to believe that it's true in order to live as civilized human beings,” said Ender.
”No, that's not the point at all,” said Miro. ”Because if it's a lie, why should we bother bother to live as civilized human beings?” to live as civilized human beings?”
”Because the species has a better chance to survive if we do,” said Ender. ”Because our genes require us to believe the story in order to enhance our ability to pa.s.s those genes on for many generations in the future. Because anybody who doesn't doesn't believe the story begins to act in unproductive, uncooperative ways, and eventually the community, the herd, will reject him and his opportunities for reproduction will be diminished-- for instance, he'll be put in jail-- and the genes leading to his unbelieving behavior will eventually be extinguished.” believe the story begins to act in unproductive, uncooperative ways, and eventually the community, the herd, will reject him and his opportunities for reproduction will be diminished-- for instance, he'll be put in jail-- and the genes leading to his unbelieving behavior will eventually be extinguished.”
”So the puppeteer requires that we believe that we're not not puppets. We're forced to believe in free will.” puppets. We're forced to believe in free will.”
”Or so Valentine explained it to me.”
”But she doesn't really believe that, does she?”
”Of course she doesn't. Her genes won't let her.”
Ender laughed again. But Miro was not taking this lightly, as a philosophical game. He was outraged. He clenched his fists and swung out his arms in a spastic gesture that plunged his hand into the middle of the display. It caused a shadow above it, a s.p.a.ce in which no philotic rays were visible.
True empty s.p.a.ce. Except that now Ender could see dustmotes floating in that display s.p.a.ce, catching the light from the window and the open door of the house. In particular one large dustmote, like a short strand of hair, a tiny fiber of cotton, floating brightly in the midst of s.p.a.ce where once only the philotic rays had been visible.
”Calm down,” Ender said.
”No,” Miro shouted. ”My puppeteer is making me furious!”
”Shut up,” said Ender. ”Listen to me.”
”I'm tired of listening to you!” Nevertheless he fell silent, and listened.
”I think you're right,” said Ender. ”I think that we are are free, and I don't think it's just an illusion that we believe in because it has survival value. And I think we're free because we aren't just this body, acting out a genetic script. And we aren't some soul that G.o.d created out of nothing. We're free because we always existed. Right back from the beginning of time, only there was no beginning of time so we existed all along. Nothing ever caused us. Nothing ever made us. We simply free, and I don't think it's just an illusion that we believe in because it has survival value. And I think we're free because we aren't just this body, acting out a genetic script. And we aren't some soul that G.o.d created out of nothing. We're free because we always existed. Right back from the beginning of time, only there was no beginning of time so we existed all along. Nothing ever caused us. Nothing ever made us. We simply are are, and we always were.”
”Philotes?” asked Miro.
”Maybe,” said Ender. ”Like that mote of dust in the display.”
”Where?” asked Miro.
It was invisible now, of course, since the holographic display again dominated the s.p.a.ce above the terminal. Ender reached his hand into the display, causing a shadow to fall upward into the hologram. He moved his hand until he revealed the bright dustmote he had seen before. Or maybe it wasn't the same one. Maybe it was another one, but it didn't matter.
”Our bodies, the whole world around us, they're like the holographic display. They're real enough, but they don't show the true cause of things. It's the one thing we can never be sure of, just looking at the display of the universe-- why why things are happening. But behind it all, inside it all, if we could see through it, we'd find the true cause of everything. Philotes that always existed, doing what they want.” things are happening. But behind it all, inside it all, if we could see through it, we'd find the true cause of everything. Philotes that always existed, doing what they want.”
”Nothing always always existed,” said Miro. existed,” said Miro.
”Says who? The supposed beginning of this universe, that was only the start of the present order-- this this display, all of what we think exists. But who says the philotes that are acting out the natural laws that began at that moment didn't exist before? And if the whole universe collapses back in on itself, who says that the philotes won't simply be released from the laws they're following now, and go back into...” display, all of what we think exists. But who says the philotes that are acting out the natural laws that began at that moment didn't exist before? And if the whole universe collapses back in on itself, who says that the philotes won't simply be released from the laws they're following now, and go back into...”
”Into what?”
”Into chaos. Darkness. Disorder. Whatever they were before this universe brought them together. Why couldn't they-- we-- have always always existed and always continue to exist?” existed and always continue to exist?”
”So where was I between the beginning of the universe and the day I was born?” said Miro.
”I don't know,” said Ender. ”I'm making this up as I go along.”
”And where did Jane come from? Was her philote just floating around somewhere, and then suddenly she was in charge of a bunch of computer programs and she became a person?”
”Maybe,” said Ender.
”And even if there's some natural system that somehow a.s.signs philotes to be in charge of every organism that's born or sp.a.w.ned or germinated, how would that natural system have ever created Jane? She She wasn't born.” wasn't born.”
Jane, of course, had been listening all along, and now she spoke. ”Maybe it didn't happen,” said Jane. ”Maybe I have no philote of my own. Maybe I'm not alive.”