Part 1 (1/2)
Interludes.
by Horace Smith.
ESSAYS.
I. ON CRITICISM.
Criticism is the art of judging. As reasonable persons we are called upon to be constantly p.r.o.nouncing judgment, and either acting upon such judgment ourselves or inviting others to do so. I do not know how anything can be more important with respect to any matter than the forming a right judgment about it. We pray that we may have ”a right judgment in all things.” I am aware that it is an old saying that ”people are better than their opinions,” and it is a mercy that it is so, for very many persons not only are full of false opinions upon almost every subject, but even think that it is of no consequence what opinions they hold. Whether a particular action is morally right or wrong, or whether a book or a picture is really good or bad, is a matter upon which they form either no judgment or a wrong one with perfect equanimity. The secret of this state of mind is, I think, that it is on the whole too much bother to form a correct judgment; and it is so much easier to let things slide, and to take the good the G.o.ds provide you, than to carefully hold the scales until the balance is steady. But can anybody doubt that this abdication of the seat of judgment by large numbers of people is most hurtful to mankind? Does anyone believe that there would be so many bad books, bad pictures, and bad buildings in the world if people were more justly critical? Bad things continue to be produced in profusion, and worse things are born of them, because a vast number of people do not know that the things are bad, and do not care, even if they do know. What sells the endless trash published every day? Not the _few_ purchasers who buy what is vile because they like it, but the _many_ purchasers who do not know that the things are bad, and when they are told so, think there is not much harm in it after all. In short, they think that judging rightly is of no consequence and only a bore.
But I think I shall carry you all with me when I say that this society, almost by its very _raison d'etre_, desires to form just and proper judgments; and that one of the princ.i.p.al objects which we have in view in meeting together from time to time is to learn what should be thought, and what ought to be known; and by comparing our own judgments of things with those of our neighbours, to arrive at a just modification of our rough and imperfect ideas.
Although criticism is the act of judging in general, and although I shall not strictly limit my subject to any particular branch of criticism, yet naturally I shall be led to speak princ.i.p.ally of that branch of which we--probably all of us--think at once when the word is mentioned, viz., literary and artistic criticism. I think if criticism were juster and fairer persons criticized would submit more readily to criticism. It is certain that criticism is generally resented. We--none of us--like to be told our faults.
”Tell Blackwood,” said Sir Walter Scott, ”that I am one of the Black Hussars of Literature who neither give nor take criticism.” Tennyson resented any interference with his muse by writing the now nearly forgotten line about ”Musty, crusty Christopher.” Byron flew into a rhapsodical pa.s.sion and wrote _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_--
”Ode, Epic, Elegy, have at you all.”
He says--
”A man must serve his time to every trade Save censure. Critics all are ready made.
Take hackney'd jokes from Miller, got by rote, With just enough of learning to misquote; A mind well skilled to find or forge a fault; A turn for punning--call it Attic salt; To Jeffrey go, be silent and discreet,-- His pay is just ten sterling pounds per sheet; Fear not to lie, 'twill seem a sharper hit; Shrink not from blasphemy, 'twill pa.s.s for wit; Care not for feeling--pa.s.s your proper jest,-- And stand a critic, hated yet caress'd.”
Lowell retorted upon his enemies in the famous _Fable for Critics_.
Swift, in his _Battle of the Books_, revenges himself upon Criticism by describing her. ”She dwelt on the top of a snowy mountain in Nova Zembla. There Momus found her extended in her den upon the spoils of numberless volumes, half devoured. At her right hand sat Ignorance, her father and husband, blind with age; at her left Pride, her mother, dressing her up in the sc.r.a.ps of paper herself had torn. About her played her children Noise and Impudence, Dulness and Vanity, Pedantry and Ill-manners. The G.o.ddess herself had claws like a cat. Her head, ears, and voice resembled those of an a.s.s.” Bulwer (Lord Lytton) flew out against his critics, and was well laughed at by Thackeray for his pains.
Poets are known as the _genus irritabile_, and I do not know that prose writers, artists, or musicians are less susceptible. Most of us will remember Sheridan's _Critic_--
Sneer: ”I think it wants incident.”
Sir Fretful: ”Good Heavens, you surprise me! Wants incident! I am only apprehensive that the incidents are too crowded.”
Dangle: ”If I might venture to suggest anything, it is that the interest rather falls off in the fifth act.”
Sir Fretful: ”Rises, I believe you mean, sir.”
Mrs. Dangle: ”I did not see a fault in any part of the play from the beginning to the end.”
Sir Fretful: ”Upon my soul the women are the best judges after all.”
In short, no one objects to a favourable criticism, and almost every one objects to an unfavourable one. All men ought, no doubt, to be thankful for a just criticism; but I am afraid they are not. As a result, to criticize is to be unpopular. Nevertheless, it is better to be unpopular than to be untruthful.
”The truth once out,--and wherefore should we lie?-- The Queen of Midas slept, and so can I.”
I am going to do a rather dreadful thing. I am going to divide criticism into six heads. By the bye, I am not sure that sermons now-a-days are any better than they used to be in the good old times, when there were always three heads at least to every sermon. Criticism should be--1.
Appreciative. 2. Proportionate. 3. Appropriate. 4. Strong. 5. Natural.
6. _Bona fide_.
1. _Criticism should be appreciative_.
By this I mean, not that critics should always praise, but that they should understand. They should see the thing as it is and comprehend it.
This is the rock upon which most criticisms fail--want of knowledge. In reading the lives of great men, how often are we struck with the want of appreciation of their fellows. Who admired Turner's pictures until Turner's death? Who praised Tennyson's poems until Tennyson was quite an old man? Nay, I am afraid some of us have laughed at those who endeavoured to ask our attention to what we called the daubs of the one or the doggerel of the other. {5}This, I think, should teach us not even to attempt to criticize until we are sure that we appreciate. Yet what a vast amount of criticism there is in the world which errs (like Dr.