Part 44 (1/2)

[189] -- The horn of the small and rare Bornean rhinoceros is the most highly valued of the various substances out of which the sword hilts are carved.

[190] -- Although it is impossible to form any estimate of the numbers of such imported slaves of negroid type, it is, we a.s.sert, a fact that some have been imported. We have trustworthy information of the possession of two Abyssinian slaves in recent times by a Malay n.o.ble.

[191] -- In the course of measuring and observing the physical characters of some 350 individuals of the various tribes, we recorded in each case the eye characters. Of a group of 80 subjects made up of Kenyahs, Klemantans, and Punans (who in this respect do not differ appreciably from one another), we noted a moderately marked Mongolian fold in 14 subjects, the rest having in equal numbers either no fold or but a slight trace of it. As regards obliquity of the aperture, in rather more than half it was recorded as slight, in one quarter as lacking, and in the rest as moderate. As regards the size of palpebral apertures, half were noted as medium, and about one quarter as small, and the remaining quarter as large. In the main, obliquity and smallness of aperture go with the presence of the Mongolian fold. The most common form of eye in this group may therefore be described as very slightly oblique, moderately large, and having a slight trace of the Mongolian fold.

[192] -- THE RACES OF MAN, p. 486, London, 1900.

[193] -- OP. CIT. p. 392.

[194] -- MAN, PAST AND PRESENT, London, 1899, pp. 562 and 143.

[195] -- Prof. A. H. Keane (MAN, PAST AND PRESENT, p. 206), after citing the statements of various observers to the effect that persons of almost purely Caucasic or European type are not infrequently encountered among several of the tribes of Upper Burma, Tonking, and a.s.sam, notably the Shans, and the allied peoples known as Chins, Karens, Kyens, and Kakhyens, writes: ”Thus is again confirmed by the latest investigations, and by the conclusions of some of the leading members of the French school of anthropology, the view first advanced by me in 1879, that peoples of the Caucasic (here called 'Aryan') division had already spread to the utmost confines of south-east Asia in remote prehistoric times, and had in this region even preceded the first waves of Mongolic migration radiating from their cradleland on the Tibetian plateau.” While we accept this view, so ably maintained by Keane, it is only fair to point out that J. R. Logan, in a paper published in 1850, had maintained that a Gangetic people (by WHICH HE meant a people formed in the Gangetic plain by the blending of Caucasic and Mongoloid stocks) bad wandered at a remote epoch into the area that is now Burma, following the sh.o.r.e of the Indo-Malayan sea; and that he recognised the Karens and Kakhyens as the modern representatives of this people of partially Caucasic origin (”The Ethnology of Eastern Asia,” THE JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO, vol. iv. p. 481, 1850).

[196] -- Nieuwenhuis publishes a photograph of such carvings found in the Mahakan or Upper Kotei river. They included fragments of a cylindrical column and what seems to be a caparisoned kneeling elephant. QUER DURCH BORNEO, vol. ii. p. 116.

[197] -- ”The Ethnology of Eastern Asia,” JOURN. OF INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO, vol. iv. p. 478.

[198] -- We have not been able to find any full and satisfactory description of the Karens, but we have brought together whatever statements about them and the tribes most nearly related to them seem significant for our purpose from the following sources. The figures in brackets in the text refer to this list.

(1) J. R. Logan, ”The Ethnology of Eastern Asia,” LOC. CIT.

(2) Lieut.-Col. James Low on ”The Karean Tribes of Martaban and Javai,”

JOURN. OF INDIAN ARCH., vol. iv.

(3) A. R. McMahon, THE KARENS OF THE GOLDEN CHERSONESE, London, 1876.

(4) E. B. Cross, ”The Karens,” JOURN. OF THE AMER. ORIENTAL SOC., 1854.

(5) T. Mason, ”The Karens,” JOURN. OF THE ASIATIC SOC., 1866, part ii.

(6) D. M. Smeaton, THE LOYAL KARENS OF BURMA, London, 1887.

(7) J. Anderson, FROM MANDALAY TO MOMIEN.

(8) Lieut.-Col. Waddell, ”Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,” JOURN. OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOC., 1900.

(9) A. R. Colquhoun, AMONG THE SHANS, London, 1885.

(10) T. C. Hodson, NAGA TRIBES OF MANIPUR, London, 1911.

(11) T.C. Hodson, ”The a.s.sam Hills, ” a paper read before the Geographical Society of Liverpool in 1905.

(12) Sir J. G. Scott, BURMA.

(13) A. H. Keane, MAN, PAST AND PRESENT, London, 1899.

(14) J. Deniker, THE RACES OF MAN, London, 1900.

[199] -- The cross-bow is used as a toy by Kayan boys only.

[200] -- Cp. the Kayan APO LEGGAN, vol. ii. p. 40.

[201] -- This, however, is a statement which perhaps might loosely be made of the Kayans. Cp. vol. ii. p. 34.

[202] -- [The Kuki's are normally not considered Nagas. They live in the same area, but are far more recent immigrants from Burma, and differ considerably from the Nagas. -- J.H.]