Part 10 (1/2)

some of the meat used by Jack in the Box: See Terry McDermott, ”The Jack in the Box Poisonings - Why Inspection of Meat Fails,” See Terry McDermott, ”The Jack in the Box Poisonings - Why Inspection of Meat Fails,” Seattle Times Seattle Times, January 31, 1993; Frank Green, ”Foodmaker, Suppliers Settle E. coli E. coli Claims,” Claims,” San Diego Union-Tribune San Diego Union-Tribune, February 25, 1998.”This recent outbreak sheds light”: Quoted in ”Meat Inst.i.tute Urges Federal and State Agencies to Adopt Industry Guidelines Proven to Prevent Quoted in ”Meat Inst.i.tute Urges Federal and State Agencies to Adopt Industry Guidelines Proven to Prevent E. coli E. coli 0157:H7 in Hamburgers,” 0157:H7 in Hamburgers,” PR Newswire PR Newswire, February 4, 1993.”The presence of bacteria in raw meat”: Quoted in Fox, Quoted in Fox, Spoiled Spoiled, p. 252.

208 had waited a week before acknowledging: had waited a week before acknowledging: See Robert Goff, ”Coming Clean: After Its Tragic Outbreak of See Robert Goff, ”Coming Clean: After Its Tragic Outbreak of E. coli E. coli, Jack in the Box Quickly Fixed Its Food Handling,” Forbes Forbes, May 17, 1999.

210 A study of campaign contributions: A study of campaign contributions: See ”The Captive Congress,” a chapter in See ”The Captive Congress,” a chapter in Safety Last Safety Last, as well as the statistical tables, pp. 921, 7690.

212 prosecutors claimed... Both men were later found innocent: prosecutors claimed... Both men were later found innocent: See Scott Bauer, ”Prosecutors: Former Hudson Foods Officials Lied about Meat Recall,” See Scott Bauer, ”Prosecutors: Former Hudson Foods Officials Lied about Meat Recall,” AP AP, November 10,1999; ”Tyson Unit Acquitted of Lying in Beef Recall; Hudson Quality Control Director Also Cleared,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, December 4, 1999. health officials in Nevada did not learn from the company: health officials in Nevada did not learn from the company: FSIS Recall Policy Public Meeting. FSIS Recall Policy Public Meeting.

”had not been fully tested”: Quoted in Elliot Jaspin and Scott Montgomery, ”U.S. Mum on Fast Food Recalls,” Quoted in Elliot Jaspin and Scott Montgomery, ”U.S. Mum on Fast Food Recalls,” c.o.x News Service c.o.x News Service, August 18, 1997, Jaspin and Montgomery have written a number of fine investigative pieces on the USDA and the meatpacking industry.”We live in a very litigious society”: Quoted ibid. Quoted ibid.

213 The USDA now informs the public: The USDA now informs the public: Interview with Elizabeth Gaston, USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Interview with Elizabeth Gaston, USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.

”Its very frustrating for us”: Quoted in Allison Young and Jeff Taylor, ”Stealthy Meat Recalls Leave Consumers in Dark,” Quoted in Allison Young and Jeff Taylor, ”Stealthy Meat Recalls Leave Consumers in Dark,” Denver Post Denver Post, May 13, 1999. See also Allison Beers, ”Recalls Present Tough Decisions for Food Companies,” Food Chemical News Food Chemical News, May 4, 1998; and Pan Demetrakakes, ”Backlash: Recalls,” Food Processing Food Processing August 1, 1999. August 1, 1999.”Press releases will not identify”: Quoted in ”Recall of Meat and Poultry Products,” FSIS Directive, January 19, 2000. Quoted in ”Recall of Meat and Poultry Products,” FSIS Directive, January 19, 2000.A recent IBP press release: ”Ground Beef Product Recall,” IBP news release, June 23, 2000. ”Ground Beef Product Recall,” IBP news release, June 23, 2000.

214 Nowhere does the press release mention: Nowhere does the press release mention: The story of the outbreak at Tiger Harry's is based on interviews with officials at the Arkansas Department of Health, including Dennis Berry, an epidemiologist; John Kraft, a field investigator; and Dr. David Bourne, medical director of the Preventive Health Section. See also ”21 Ill, 11 Hospitalized for The story of the outbreak at Tiger Harry's is based on interviews with officials at the Arkansas Department of Health, including Dennis Berry, an epidemiologist; John Kraft, a field investigator; and Dr. David Bourne, medical director of the Preventive Health Section. See also ”21 Ill, 11 Hospitalized for E. coli E. coli; Outbreak May Be Tied to Restaurant,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, June 3, 2000; ”266,000 Pounds of Bad Beef Recalled,” Capital Times Capital Times, June 24, 2000; ”Health Department Finds No Further Cases of E. coli E. coli Infection; USDA Investigating Ground Beef,” press release, Arkansas Department of Health, June 16, 2000. Infection; USDA Investigating Ground Beef,” press release, Arkansas Department of Health, June 16, 2000.

”We can fine circuses for mistreating elephants”: Quoted in Carol Smith, ”Overhaul in Meat Inspection No Small Potatoes, Official Says,” Quoted in Carol Smith, ”Overhaul in Meat Inspection No Small Potatoes, Official Says,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 29, 1998.

215 demoralized and understaffed: demoralized and understaffed: See Allison Beers, ”Plant Staffing Shortages Exacerbated by Excessive Absences, Low Morale,” See Allison Beers, ”Plant Staffing Shortages Exacerbated by Excessive Absences, Low Morale,” Food Chemical News Food Chemical News, August 16, 1999.

the USDA had 12,000 meat inspectors: See Jake Thompson, ”Meat Inspectors' Role Scrutinized: Critics Say That Despite a New Safety Program, There Are Too Few People to Monitor Plants,” See Jake Thompson, ”Meat Inspectors' Role Scrutinized: Critics Say That Despite a New Safety Program, There Are Too Few People to Monitor Plants,” Omaha World-Herald Omaha World-Herald, August 24, 1997; ”Industry Forum: State of the Union,” Meat & Poultry Meat & Poultry, March 1998; and ”Beefing Up Inspection,” Government Executive Government Executive, February 1999.

215 the new HACCP plans are only as good: the new HACCP plans are only as good: For a strong critique of the current sys-tem from an unexpected source, see ”Food Safety and Inspection Service: Implementation of the Hazard a.n.a.lysis and Critical Control Point System,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Inspector General, Food Safety Initiative, Meat and Poultry Products, Report no. 240013-At, June 2000. For a strong critique of the current sys-tem from an unexpected source, see ”Food Safety and Inspection Service: Implementation of the Hazard a.n.a.lysis and Critical Control Point System,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Inspector General, Food Safety Initiative, Meat and Poultry Products, Report no. 240013-At, June 2000.

216 She routinely falsified her checklist: She routinely falsified her checklist: Gary Mickelson, a spokesman for IBP, told me that an employee who falsifies such doc.u.mentation is subject to disciplinary action by the company. He also told me that IBP employees have in fact been terminated for such behavior. Gary Mickelson, a spokesman for IBP, told me that an employee who falsifies such doc.u.mentation is subject to disciplinary action by the company. He also told me that IBP employees have in fact been terminated for such behavior.

220-degree steam: The number comes from ”SPS 400: Information Update,” a manual published by Frigoscandia Equipment, the manufacturer of steam pasteurization units. The number comes from ”SPS 400: Information Update,” a manual published by Frigoscandia Equipment, the manufacturer of steam pasteurization units.by about 90 percent: Ibid. Ibid.”We have been informed that carca.s.ses”: IBP memo from Dean Danilson to Leo Lang re: outrail cattle, May 19, 1997. IBP memo from Dean Danilson to Leo Lang re: outrail cattle, May 19, 1997.

217 The dirtiest meat was to be s.h.i.+pped out: The dirtiest meat was to be s.h.i.+pped out: When the memo leaked in June of 1998, IBP denied that it was s.h.i.+pping contaminated meat to outside suppliers, claimed its unusual outrail policy had been devised solely to address shelf-life concerns - and said that, in any event, the policy was no longer in effect. Gary Mickelson, an IBP spokesman, repeated the same a.s.sertions to me, adding that ”IBP's quality and food safety programs... are considered by many to be the 'best' in the industry. We will not sell any products - whether it be boxed beef or beef carca.s.ses that we do not believe are safe for human consumption.” See also ”Ground Beef Guidelines Are Insufficient, STOP Says,” When the memo leaked in June of 1998, IBP denied that it was s.h.i.+pping contaminated meat to outside suppliers, claimed its unusual outrail policy had been devised solely to address shelf-life concerns - and said that, in any event, the policy was no longer in effect. Gary Mickelson, an IBP spokesman, repeated the same a.s.sertions to me, adding that ”IBP's quality and food safety programs... are considered by many to be the 'best' in the industry. We will not sell any products - whether it be boxed beef or beef carca.s.ses that we do not believe are safe for human consumption.” See also ”Ground Beef Guidelines Are Insufficient, STOP Says,” Food Chemical News Food Chemical News, June 8, 1998.

research for the Star Wars antimissile program: See ”t.i.tan to Put Whammy on Food Bacteria,” See ”t.i.tan to Put Whammy on Food Bacteria,” San Diego Union-Tribune San Diego Union-Tribune, May 18, 1999.get rid of the word ”irradiation”: See ”Beef Industry Recommends Irradiation Rule Include Ready-to-Eat Meats,” See ”Beef Industry Recommends Irradiation Rule Include Ready-to-Eat Meats,” Food Labeling News Food Labeling News, June 23, 1999; Rick Lingle, ”Food Irradiation Acceleration,” Packaging Digest Packaging Digest, July 1, 1999; and Steven F. Grover, ”Pasteurized Foods in Your Future?” Food Management Food Management, October 1999. Grover is a vice president of the National Restaurant a.s.sociation.A 1983 investigation by NBC News: For the story of Rudy ”Butch” Stanko, see Wayne Slater, ”Domestic News,” For the story of Rudy ”Butch” Stanko, see Wayne Slater, ”Domestic News,” AP AP, September 19, 1983; ”Agriculture to Investigate a Meat Plant in Denver,” New York Times New York Times, September 20, 1983; Judy Harrington, ”Packing Company, Owner, Guilty of Selling Bad Meat to Government,” AP AP, September 15, 1984; and Neal Karlen with Jeff P. Copeland, ”A 'Mystery Meat' Scandal,” Newsweek Newsweek, September 24, 1984.

219 an eleven-year-old-boy became seriously ill: an eleven-year-old-boy became seriously ill: For the Bauer Meat story, see Patricia Guthrie, ”Government Says Bauer Meats Are Unfit to Eat,” For the Bauer Meat story, see Patricia Guthrie, ”Government Says Bauer Meats Are Unfit to Eat,” Atlanta Journal Atlanta Journal, October 14, 1998; ”Bauer Meat 'Unfit for Human Consumption,'” Meat Processing Meat Processing, November 1, 1998; ”Bacteria Wars: How 3 Processors Responded,” St. Petersburg Times St. Petersburg Times, February 14, 1999; Robert Trigaux, ”Tougher Standards Battle Meat Bacteria,” St. Petersburg Times St. Petersburg Times, February 14, 1999; and ”E. Coli Suit Princ.i.p.als Confer; Child's Family Sues Florida Company,” Suit Princ.i.p.als Confer; Child's Family Sues Florida Company,” Florida Times-Union Florida Times-Union, May 15, 1999.

a dozen children in Finley, Was.h.i.+ngton: For the Northern States Beef story, see Elliott Jaspin and Scott Montgomery, ”Feds Buy Bad Beef for Low Bid; For the Northern States Beef story, see Elliott Jaspin and Scott Montgomery, ”Feds Buy Bad Beef for Low Bid; E. coli E. coli Outbreak Results from School Lunch Program Supply System,” Outbreak Results from School Lunch Program Supply System,” Atlanta Journal Atlanta Journal, March 28, 1999; and ”Tainted School Tacos,” Seattle Times Seattle Times, May 8, 1999.

219 as much as 47 percent of the company's ground beef: as much as 47 percent of the company's ground beef: See Bill Lodge, ”Dallas Beef Plant That Failed See Bill Lodge, ”Dallas Beef Plant That Failed Salmonella Salmonella Tests Challenges Screening System,” Tests Challenges Screening System,” Dallas Morning News Dallas Morning News, December 10, 1999; and Tiara Ellis and Michael Saul, ”Dallas Meat Processor Recalls Beef After USDA Detects E. coli E. coli,” Dallas Morning News Dallas Morning News, December 26, 1999.

about 1.4 million illnesses: Mead et al., ”Food-Related Illness and Death.” Mead et al., ”Food-Related Illness and Death.”the USDA continued to purchase thousands of tons: See Scott Montgomery and Elliot Jaspin, ”USDA Purchased Meat from Texas Plant after Contamination Cited,” See Scott Montgomery and Elliot Jaspin, ”USDA Purchased Meat from Texas Plant after Contamination Cited,” Atlanta Journal Atlanta Journal, Decmber 4, 1999.annually providing as much as 45 percent: Cited in ”USDA Has a Valid Beef in Dallas,” Cited in ”USDA Has a Valid Beef in Dallas,” Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, December 14, 1999.

220 the USDA resumed its purchases: the USDA resumed its purchases: See ”USDA Satisfied with Changes in Meat Plant It Tried to Shut Down,” See ”USDA Satisfied with Changes in Meat Plant It Tried to Shut Down,” AP AP, February 15,2000.

Judge Fish issued a decision: For the implications of the Supreme Beef case, see Marc Kaufman, ”Texas Ruling Threatens USDA Meat Inspections,” For the implications of the Supreme Beef case, see Marc Kaufman, ”Texas Ruling Threatens USDA Meat Inspections,” Was.h.i.+ngton Post Was.h.i.+ngton Post, May 26,2000; Todd Bensman, ”Judge Rebuffs USDA; Agency Tried to Close Dallas Plant,” Dallas Morning News Dallas Morning News, May 26, 2000; and John Taylor, ”Court Ruling Won't Alter IBP Methods,” Omaha World-Herald Omaha World-Herald, May 27, 2000.much of the beef used... repeatedly failed USDA tests: See Allison Beers, ”Meat Groups Pet.i.tion USDA to Change HACCP Regulations,” See Allison Beers, ”Meat Groups Pet.i.tion USDA to Change HACCP Regulations,” Food Chemical News Food Chemical News, January 10, 2000.

221 The meatpacking industry immediately opposed: The meatpacking industry immediately opposed: See ”AMS Says It Will Continue with New Standards,” See ”AMS Says It Will Continue with New Standards,” National Meat a.s.sociation Newsletter National Meat a.s.sociation Newsletter, August 7, 2000.

”You'd be better off eating a carrot stick”: Quoted in Usha Lee McFarling, ”Homey Kitchens Become Killers Before Our Eyes,” Quoted in Usha Lee McFarling, ”Homey Kitchens Become Killers Before Our Eyes,” Austin American-Statesman Austin American-Statesman, August 12, 1998.sixty to one hundred other mutant E. coli E. coli organisms... Perhaps a third of them cause illnesses: organisms... Perhaps a third of them cause illnesses: Interview with Dr. David Acheson. Interview with Dr. David Acheson.

222 roughly 37,000 Americans suffer: roughly 37,000 Americans suffer: Mead et al., ”Food-Related Illness and Death.” Mead et al., ”Food-Related Illness and Death.” A 1997 undercover investigation by KCBS-TV: A 1997 undercover investigation by KCBS-TV: See Richard Martin, ”L.A. County Cracks Down on Food-Safety Violators,” See Richard Martin, ”L.A. County Cracks Down on Food-Safety Violators,” Nation's Restaurant News Nation's Restaurant News, December 1, 1997.

three teenage employees at a Burger King: See ”Police Say Two Teens Tampered with Food,” See ”Police Say Two Teens Tampered with Food,” AP, AP, May 10, 2000, and ”Burger King Employees Charged,” May 10, 2000, and ”Burger King Employees Charged,” AP AP, May 11, 2000.

10. Global Realization Global Realization Few West Germans are familiar with the unusual history of Plauen, though it is abundantly detailed in a number of locally published books. Plauen: auf historischen Postkarten Plauen: auf historischen Postkarten (Plauen, Germany: Plauen Verlag, 1991), by Frank Weiss, uses old postcards to ill.u.s.trate the history of the city during its most prosperous era. (Plauen, Germany: Plauen Verlag, 1991), by Frank Weiss, uses old postcards to ill.u.s.trate the history of the city during its most prosperous era. Plauen: 1933-1945 Plauen: 1933-1945 (Plauen: Vogtlandischer Heimatverlag Neupert, 1995) is an oversized book, full of photographs, that traces the effects of the Great Depression and the rise of the n.a.z.i Party. The Allied bombing of the city is vividly doc.u.mented through before-and-after photographs in (Plauen: Vogtlandischer Heimatverlag Neupert, 1995) is an oversized book, full of photographs, that traces the effects of the Great Depression and the rise of the n.a.z.i Party. The Allied bombing of the city is vividly doc.u.mented through before-and-after photographs in Plauen 1944/1945: Eine Stadt wird zerstort Plauen 1944/1945: Eine Stadt wird zerstort (Plauen: Vogtlandischer Heimatverlag Neupert, 1995), by Rudolf Laser, Joachim Mensdorf, and Johannes Richter. For life near the East German border, I relied on Ingolf Hermann's (Plauen: Vogtlandischer Heimatverlag Neupert, 1995), by Rudolf Laser, Joachim Mensdorf, and Johannes Richter. For life near the East German border, I relied on Ingolf Hermann's Die Deutsch-Deutsch Grenze Die Deutsch-Deutsch Grenze (Plauen: Vogtlandischer Heimatverlag Neupert, 1998). Plauen's 1989 uprising is chronicled in Rolf Schwanitz's (Plauen: Vogtlandischer Heimatverlag Neupert, 1998). Plauen's 1989 uprising is chronicled in Rolf Schwanitz's Zivilcourage: Die friedliche Revolution in Plauen anhand von Stasi-Akten Zivilcourage: Die friedliche Revolution in Plauen anhand von Stasi-Akten (Plauen, Vogtlandischer Heimatverlag Neupert, 1998). (Plauen, Vogtlandischer Heimatverlag Neupert, 1998). Plauen: Ein Rundgang Durch die Stadt Plauen: Ein Rundgang Durch die Stadt (Plauen: Militzke Verlag, 1992) gives a sense of the city after the Wall came down. (Plauen: Militzke Verlag, 1992) gives a sense of the city after the Wall came down.

John Connelly, an a.s.sistant professor of history at the University of California, Berkeley, is one of the few American academics who has both visited and written about postwar Plauen. Professor Connelly shared his recollection of the city with me and sent me the fine article he wrote about its rebellion: ”Moment of Revolution: Plauen (Vogtland), October 7, 1989,” German Politics & Society German Politics & Society, Summer 1990. Thomas Kuttler, the hero of that uprising, told me how it unfolded and shared his thoughts about its legacy. I am grateful to Cordula Franz for help in arranging interviews in Plauen and to Sybille Unterdoifel for introducing me to The Ranch. Frieder Stephan, the owner of The Ranch, helped me fathom the local youth culture and explained his musical journey from rock to disco to country and western. Christian Pollmann, who helps run a theater company in Plauen, as well as the German Social Union Party, gave me a strong sense of life under Communism and of the hunger for all things American. The photographer Franziska Heinze and journalist Markus Schneider helped me gather information about their home town. Siegfried Pater - filmmaker, environmentalist, and author of Zum Beispiel McDonald's Zum Beispiel McDonald's (Gottingen: Lamuv Verlag, 1994) - described some of McDonald's misbehavior in Germany. Barbara Distil, the curator of the Dachau Museum, spoke to me about the controversy surrounding the local McDonald's. For the history of the camp, I relied on a book that she edited with Ruth Jakusch: (Gottingen: Lamuv Verlag, 1994) - described some of McDonald's misbehavior in Germany. Barbara Distil, the curator of the Dachau Museum, spoke to me about the controversy surrounding the local McDonald's. For the history of the camp, I relied on a book that she edited with Ruth Jakusch: Concentration Camp Dachau 19331945 Concentration Camp Dachau 19331945 (Brussels: Comite International de Dachau, 1978). (Brussels: Comite International de Dachau, 1978).

The Ill.u.s.trated History of Las Vegas (Edison, N.J.: Chartwell Books, 1997), by Bill Yenne, conveys how the city has been radically transformed in recent years. (Edison, N.J.: Chartwell Books, 1997), by Bill Yenne, conveys how the city has been radically transformed in recent years. The Players: The Men Who Made Las Vegas The Players: The Men Who Made Las Vegas (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1997), edited by Jack Sheehan, provides a good deal of insight into the unique culture that emerged there. Timothy O'Brien's (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1997), edited by Jack Sheehan, provides a good deal of insight into the unique culture that emerged there. Timothy O'Brien's Bad Bet: The Inside Story of the Glamour, Glitz, and Danger of America's Gambling Industry Bad Bet: The Inside Story of the Glamour, Glitz, and Danger of America's Gambling Industry (New York: Times Business, 1998) explains precisely how the casinos make their money. (New York: Times Business, 1998) explains precisely how the casinos make their money.

Much of my information on obesity comes from articles in Science, the Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation, and the New England Journal of Medicine New England Journal of Medicine. The nutritionist Jane Kirby placed many of the claims and counterclaims about diet into a calm and reasonable perspective for me. Greg Critser's ”Let Them Eat Fat: The Heavy Truths about American Obesity,” Harper's Harper's, March 2000, is a provocative essay on fast food and the poor.

My account of the McLibel trial is based on interviews with the two princ.i.p.als, Helen Steel and Dave Morris, and on the transcripts of the trial (which were available, along with other interesting material, at the anti-McDonald's Web site e: See ”McDonald's Employs 33,000 in Brazil,” See ”McDonald's Employs 33,000 in Brazil,” AP AP, August 1, 1999.”Sorry, No McDonald's”: Quoted in George Lazurus, ”You Won't Find a McDonald's on Unspoiled Tahiti,” Quoted in George Lazurus, ”You Won't Find a McDonald's on Unspoiled Tahiti,” Adweek Adweek, January 13, 1986.”A McDonald's restaurant is just the window”: Quoted in Latha Venkatraman, ”Keeping That Lettuce Crisp,” Quoted in Latha Venkatraman, ”Keeping That Lettuce Crisp,” Business Line Business Line, July 5, 1999.

231 ”It's a great little country”: ”It's a great little country”: Simplot interview. Simplot interview.

”Kids are the same regarding”: Quoted in ”Barbie, McDonald's Find Common Ground,” Quoted in ”Barbie, McDonald's Find Common Ground,” Selling to Kids Selling to Kids, September 30, 1998.

231 the number of fast food restaurants roughly tripled: the number of fast food restaurants roughly tripled: Cited in Richard Martin, ”Special Report: Down Under's Bloomin' Dining Wonders,” Cited in Richard Martin, ”Special Report: Down Under's Bloomin' Dining Wonders,” Nation's Restaurant News Nation's Restaurant News, October 7, 1996.

Ronald McDonald knew: Cited in Kay M. Hammond, Allan Wylie, and Sally Ca.s.swell, ”The Extent and Nature of Televised Food Advertising to New Zealand Children and Adolescents,” Cited in Kay M. Hammond, Allan Wylie, and Sally Ca.s.swell, ”The Extent and Nature of Televised Food Advertising to New Zealand Children and Adolescents,” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, February 1999.”funny, gentle, kind”: Quoted in Quoted in Golden Arches East Golden Arches East, p. 64.Coca-Cola is now the favorite drink... McDonald's serves their favorite food: Cited in ”Developmental, Cultural Issues Key in Marketing to Kids Globally,” Cited in ”Developmental, Cultural Issues Key in Marketing to Kids Globally,” Selling to Kids Selling to Kids, April 1, 1998.”If we eat McDonald's hamburgers and potatoes”: Quoted in Vidal, Quoted in Vidal, McLibel McLibel, p. 42.In addition to being the McDonald's Corporation's partner in j.a.pan, Den Fujita is the author of best-selling books such as Stupid People Lose Money, How to Become Number One in Business Stupid People Lose Money, How to Become Number One in Business, and How to Blow the Rich Man's Bugle Like the Jews Do How to Blow the Rich Man's Bugle Like the Jews Do. See James Sterngold, ”Den Fujita, j.a.pan's Mr. Joint Venture,” New York Times New York Times, March 22, 1992.

232 ”For a child growing up in the turmoil”: ”For a child growing up in the turmoil”: Christa Maerker, ”The Federal Republic of Germany: Second-hand Culture with Borrowed Dreams,” Christa Maerker, ”The Federal Republic of Germany: Second-hand Culture with Borrowed Dreams,” Schatzkammer Schatzkammer, Spring 1990.

Americans with German ancestors: Cited in Tim Bovee, ”German-Americans Largest U.S. Ethnic Group,” Cited in Tim Bovee, ”German-Americans Largest U.S. Ethnic Group,” AP AP, December 16, 1992.less than one-third of the German foodservice market: Cited in Rupert Spies and Gretel Weiss, ”Is Germany's Traditional Restaurant a Dying Breed?” Cited in Rupert Spies and Gretel Weiss, ”Is Germany's Traditional Restaurant a Dying Breed?” Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, June 1998.the biggest restaurant company in Germany: See Richard Martin, ”Germany Shows Appet.i.te for 'Fun' Themes and Foreign Flavors,” See Richard Martin, ”Germany Shows Appet.i.te for 'Fun' Themes and Foreign Flavors,” Nation's Restaurant News Nation's Restaurant News, April 17, 1995.

233 It battles labor unions: It battles labor unions: Interview with Siegfried Pater. Interview with Siegfried Pater.

the number of franchised outlets: See ”Germany-Franchising Market,” See ”Germany-Franchising Market,” Industry Sector a.n.a.lysis Industry Sector a.n.a.lysis, U.S. Foreign & Commercial Service, U.S. State Department, July 7, 1998.”The partners.h.i.+p scheme will undoubtedly be”: Quoted in ”German Wal-Mart Stores to Feature McDonald's Restaurants,” Quoted in ”German Wal-Mart Stores to Feature McDonald's Restaurants,” Evening Standard Evening Standard, August 12, 1999.The McDonald's Corporation denied: See Steve Nichol, ”Protesters Lambaste Mc-Donald's; Picketers Say Restaurant Is Trivializing Holocaust,” See Steve Nichol, ”Protesters Lambaste Mc-Donald's; Picketers Say Restaurant Is Trivializing Holocaust,” Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel, January 28, 1997.After the curator of the Dachau Museum complained: Interview with Barbara Distil. Interview with Barbara Distil.”Welcome to Dachau”: Ibid. Ibid.The McDonald's at Dachau is one-third of a mile: According to the odometer on my rental car. According to the odometer on my rental car.

234 Las Vegas is the fastest-growing major city: Las Vegas is the fastest-growing major city: See ”Metropolitan Area Population Estimates for July 1, 1998, and Population Change for April 1, 1990, to July 1, 1998,” U.S. Census Bureau, September 30, 1999. See ”Metropolitan Area Population Estimates for July 1, 1998, and Population Change for April 1, 1990, to July 1, 1998,” U.S. Census Bureau, September 30, 1999.

235 Over the past twenty years the population: Over the past twenty years the population: In 1980, the population of the Las Vegas metropolitan area was 528,000; today it approaches 1.5 million. See ”Large Metropolitan Areas - Population: 1980 to 1996,” In 1980, the population of the Las Vegas metropolitan area was 528,000; today it approaches 1.5 million. See ”Large Metropolitan Areas - Population: 1980 to 1996,” Statistical Abstract of the U.S Statistical Abstract of the U.S., p. 41; ”Metropolitan Area Population Estimates... Population Change.”

235 legally protected against the workings of the free market: legally protected against the workings of the free market: For a fascinating account of the Nevada Gaming Control Board and its powers, see ”A Peculiar Inst.i.tution,” by Sergio Lalli, in Sheehan, For a fascinating account of the Nevada Gaming Control Board and its powers, see ”A Peculiar Inst.i.tution,” by Sergio Lalli, in Sheehan, The Players The Players, pp. 122.

236 about two-thirds of a typical casino's profits... a profit rate of as much as 20 per-cent: about two-thirds of a typical casino's profits... a profit rate of as much as 20 per-cent: See O'Brien, See O'Brien, Bad Bet Bad Bet, pp. 4044.