Part 15 (1/2)

[48] The present spelling of the name was first used by Lieut. Albert M.

Lea in his NOTES ON THE WISCONSIN TERRITORY, 1836, wherein he referred to the country west of the Mississippi as the ”Ioway District”, suggested by the Ioway river. This point will be brought out fully in the new edition of Lea's Notes now in preparation by the Ioway Club, edited by L. A. Brewer.

[49] The tribe has long since been divided and now occupies lands in the Potawatomi and Great Nemaha Agency in Kansas and the Sauk and Fox Agency in Oklahoma. See Kappler. LAWS AND TREATIES, 2 vols., Was.h.i.+ngton, 1903.

[50] Benard de la Harpe, a French officer who came to Louisiana in 1718.

His Narrative of Le Sueur's Expedition is included by French in his HIST. COLL. OF LOUISIANA, Part III, page 19 _et seq._, and is also given by Shea, EARLY VOYAGES UP AND DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI, Albany, 1861, reprint, 1908. For a lengthy bibliographical note of this work, see A.

McF. Davis in Winsor's NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY, Vol. V, page 63.

[51] Pierre Charles le Sueur, a French geologist, member of Iberville's Expedition of 1698, and sent primarily to report on the ”green earth”

(copper mines), known to him through previous researches in 1695.

[52] At the best information concerning the expedition of Le Sueur is scant. The most important source is the work of one Penicaut, Perricaut or Perricault (see A. McF. Davis in Winsor's NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY, Vol. V, page 71), a carpenter who accompanied the Iberville party from France in 1698 and remained in Louisiana until 1781. The most complete form in which we are able to read the JOURNAL is in Margry's DeCOUVERTES ET eTABLISs.e.m.e.nTS DES FRANcAIS DANS L'OUEST ET DANS LE SUD DE L'AMeRIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE, Vol. V, page 319 _et seq._ Penicaut's ANNALS OF LOUISIANA (1698-1722) are translated in their entirety in French's HIST. COLL. OF LOUISIANA, _New Series_, Vol. I, but this translation must be read with caution as French was not the most careful of translators.

[53] In a communication from Mr. W. H. Holmes, former Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, with reference to the Penicaut ma.n.u.script, he states that no translation from this source has been made and that French (HIST. COLL.) is unreliable. For the printed form, in the French language, Margry's DeCOUVERTES (ETC.), Vol.

V, is the authority.

[54] Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, a French traveller, born October 29, 1682, at St. Quentin, died, 1761. His most important work of American interest bears the following t.i.tle: HISTOIRE ET DESCRIPTION GeNeRALE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, AVEC LE JOURNAL HISTORIQUE D'UN VOYAGE FAIT PAR ORDRE DU ROI DANS L'AMeRIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE. Paris, 1744.

Several editions of the work, in three and six volumes respectively, were issued in Paris during this year. JOURNAL D'UN VOYAGE (ETC.), usually forms the last volume, with a separate t.i.tle page. During 1761 this portion was published in English in London, two volumes, but it was not until 1865-72 that the HISTOIRE proper was translated, and at that time by J. G. Shea (New York, 6 vols.). Foster is obviously in error as to the date mentioned (1722). Charlevoix's work was not ready for publication at that time, though he had no doubt finished it in 1724, at which date he issued simultaneously, the JOURNAL which was addressed to the d.u.c.h.ess de Lesdiguieres. Some partial reprints of Charlevoix do not contain the linguistic portions.

[55] Here the writer no doubt refers to the mutilated and meretricious issue of the Lewis and Clark JOURNALS, published by William Fisher of Baltimore during 1812. As a contribution to the literature of the subject, the volume is entirely devoid of worth and statements concerning linguistics or events have little value. Coues, in his edition of the Lewis and Clark TRAVELS, gives full details of this publication. See also the present writer's BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, _Literary Collector_, March, 1902. In Thwaites'

edition of the ORIGINAL JOURNALS OF LEWIS AND CLARK, 1904, (Vol. I, page 45), Ayauway is noted, as an early form of spelling.

[56] It is difficult to determine exactly the work here referred to.

Without doubt in this instance, as in those which follow, Foster had access to Rev. S. R. Riggs's GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY OF THE DAKOTA LANGUAGE, published by the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution as one of the Contributions to Knowledge, in 1852. Dr. Riggs was a close student of Siouan linguistics and published much material on the subject, his DAKOTA-ENGLISH DICTIONARY being exhaustively edited with great care by J. O. Dorsey and published in final form in 1892 by the Bureau of American Ethnology. A comprehensive list of the published and ma.n.u.script material by Riggs, who was ably a.s.sisted by his wife, will be found in Pillings's SIOUAN BIBLIOGRAPHY, page 60 _et seq._, and in the S. D.

HIST. COLL., Vol. II. At various intervals through the original work, Foster acknowledges his indebtedness to the first volume of the MINN.

HIST. SOC. COLL. In this there is an excellent article by Riggs ent.i.tled THE DAKOTA LANGUAGE, from which considerable a.s.sistance was no doubt obtained.

[57] According to J. O. Dorsey in BULL. 30, B. A. E., their tribal tradition is, that after separating from the parent stock they ”received the name of Pahoja, or Gray Snow.” See also W J McGee, 15th Rept., B. A.

E., 1897, who says: ”Iowa or Pa-qo-tce signifies 'Dusty Heads'.” See also ON THE ORIGIN OF THE OTOS, JOWAYS AND MISSOURIS, etc., in Maximilian's TRAVELS (Vol. III, Clark's reprint, page 313). This purports to be a tradition communicated to Maj. Jonathan L. Bean, of Pennsylvania, Gov. Sub. Agent to the Sioux, 1827-34. The Iowa are designated as Pa-ho-dje, or Dust Noses.

[58] Rev. William Hamilton and Rev. Samuel McCleary Irvin, Presbyterian missionaries to the Iowa and Sauk and Fox Indians located near the mouth of the Great Nemaha river. They established what was known as the Ioway and Sac Mission Press at their station in 1848, issuing therefrom several volumes now of great rarity including AN IOWAY GRAMMAR and THE IOWAY PRIMER, the latter in two editions. (See ill.u.s.tration). For a complete list of their writings see Pilling, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SIOUAN LANGUAGES, p. 31 _et seq._ There is an autobiography of Hamilton in Nebraska State Historical Society REPORTS, Vol. I, 1885, first series.

[59] See the map by Waw-Non-Que-Skoon-a.

[60] See note 47. Several references are made to the Iowa tribe at an [Sidenote: +Andre, 1676+] earlier date than here mentioned. Father Louis Andre, who came to Canada during 1669, and was at Green Bay, Wis., from 1671 to 1681, designates the Nadoessi Mascouteins, which name was applied to the Iowa because of their relations for a time with the Sioux, as living about 200 leagues from that place, in 1676. (See article by Father A. E. Jones, in _U. S. Cath. Hist. Mag._, No. 9, 1889). Father Andre died in Quebec in 1715. [Sidenote: +Membre, 1680+]

Even before the date of Le Sueur we have a reference by Father Zen.o.bius Membre in 1680, placing the Oto and Iowa in three great villages built near a river ”which empties in the river Colbert [Mississippi] on the west side above the Illinois, almost opposite the mouth of the Wisconsin.” More than this he appears to locate a part of the Ainove [Sidenote: +Perrot, 1685+] (no doubt Aioue) to the west of the Milwaukee river in Wisconsin. Perrot (MEMOIRS), apparently locates them, in 1685, on the plains in the vicinity of the p.a.w.nee. Marquette's map of 1674-79 gives the Pahoutet (Iowa), Otontanta (Oto), Maha (Omaha) a position on the Missouri river, but this is done by mere chance and without authority. La Salle, writing Hennepin August 22, 1682, mentions both Oto and Iowa under Otontanto and Aiounonea.

[61] It has often been a matter for conjecture why Le Sueur should have given himself so much concern over a mine of ”green earth” as the discovery does not seem to be one meriting a great amount of distinction. Not long since, however, certain mineral specimens of metallic substance, apparently a sort of iron or copper ore, were found in the banks of the Le Sueur river (so-called by J. N. Nicollet, and on a map published in 1773, the river St. Remi), near the confluence with the Blue Earth river. Penicaut in his relation speaks of the deposit extending many miles on the banks of the river (MINN. HIST. SOC. COLL., Vol. III, page 8), and it is therefore not improbable that the intrepid explorer had in mind something more real than colored marls of blue, green or yellow, which owed their color to the silicate of iron, and which were, when free from sand, highly prized and used for paint by the Indians. As an article of trade they were of value, but even this point does not fully explain the expedition. (See MS. in _Ministere des Colonies_, Paris, Vol. XV, c. 11, fol. 39). In a letter from the Intendant Champigny to the French Minister, also in this collection in Paris, the former says, ”I think that the only mines that he (Le Sueur) seeks in those regions are mines of beaver skins.” For a lengthy sketch of the material first referred to, see MINN. HIST. SOC. COLL., Vol. I, 1902, reprint, also in Neill, HISTORY OF MINNESOTA, 3d edition, 1878, page 165, note.

[62] See note 50.

[63] In Shea's VOYAGES UP AND DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI, Albany, 1861 (1902).

[64] The ma.n.u.script here referred to was found in 1869 in Paris, among a collection of similar material, and purchased by the Library of Congress. It consists of 452 pages, antique writing, and was first published in Margry's DeCOUVERTES, (ETC.), in French. Portions of it have been printed by the MINN. HIST. SOC. COLL., Vol. III, Part I, and the whole work included by B. F. French, in translation, in his HIST.

COLL. OF LOUISIANA.

[65] Edward Duffield Neill, born Philadelphia, August 9, 1823, died St.