Part 11 (1/2)

Darrah, William Culp, Powell of the Colorado Powell of the Colorado (Princeton, 1951). (Princeton, 1951).

Dellenbaugh, Frederick, The Romance of the Colorado River The Romance of the Colorado River (New York, 1902). (New York, 1902).

DeVoto, Bernard, The Course of Empire The Course of Empire (Boston, 1952). (Boston, 1952).

Garland, Hamlin, A Son of the Middle Border A Son of the Middle Border (New York, 1925). (New York, 1925).

Gilbert, Grove Karl, et al., John Wesley Powell, a Memorial John Wesley Powell, a Memorial (Chicago, 1904). (Chicago, 1904).

Malin, James C., Gra.s.slands of North America Gra.s.slands of North America (Lawrence, Kansas, 1947). (Lawrence, Kansas, 1947).

Peffer, Louise, The Closing of the Public Domain The Closing of the Public Domain (Palo Alto, Calif., 1951). (Palo Alto, Calif., 1951).

Schuchert, Charles, and C. M. LeVene, O. C. Marsh, Pioneer in Paleontology O. C. Marsh, Pioneer in Paleontology (New Haven, 1940). (New Haven, 1940).

Shannon, Fred A., The Farmer's Last Frontier The Farmer's Last Frontier (New York, 1935). (New York, 1935).

Smith, Henry Nash, Virgin Land Virgin Land (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1951). (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1951).

Stanton, Robert Brewer, and J. M. Chalfant, Colorado River Controversies Colorado River Controversies (New York, 1931). (New York, 1931).

Webb, Walter, The Great Plains The Great Plains (Boston, 1931). (Boston, 1931).

In addition, the Reports of the United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, J. W. Powell in Charge, especially G. K. Gilbert, Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1877); J. W. Powell, (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1877); J. W. Powell, Report on the Geology of the Eastern Portion of the Uinta Mountains and a region of country adjacent thereto Report on the Geology of the Eastern Portion of the Uinta Mountains and a region of country adjacent thereto (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1876); Powell, (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1876); Powell, Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1878); and Clarence Edward Dutton, (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1878); and Clarence Edward Dutton, Report on the Geology of the High Plateaus of Utah Report on the Geology of the High Plateaus of Utah (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1880). (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1880).

Also the Annual Reports and Bulletins of the United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Territories, which acc.u.mulated into a bulky library between 1867 and 1878.

Also the Annual Reports of the United States Geological Survey, as well as the valuable series of Geological Survey Monographs, especially C. E. Dutton, The Tertiary History of the Grand.Canyon District, The Tertiary History of the Grand.Canyon District, with Atlas (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1882). with Atlas (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1882).

Also the Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, especially those between 1879 and 1902; and certain publications of the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, especially J. W. Powell, Report on the Exploration of the Colorado River of the West Report on the Exploration of the Colorado River of the West (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1875). (Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C., 1875).

For other government publications, particularly those bearing upon the history of the several bureaus considered here, see the notes to the chapters in question.

I. THE THRESHOLD.

1.

1 The best short discussions of William Gilpin are in Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land, (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.), pp. 35-43; and in Bernard DeVoto, ”Geopolitics with the Dew on It,” The best short discussions of William Gilpin are in Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land, (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.), pp. 35-43; and in Bernard DeVoto, ”Geopolitics with the Dew on It,” Harper's Magazine, Harper's Magazine, CLx.x.xVIII (March, 1944), 313-23. So far as I am aware, the only biography is that by Hubert H. Bancroft, CLx.x.xVIII (March, 1944), 313-23. So far as I am aware, the only biography is that by Hubert H. Bancroft, History of the Life of William Gilpin. A Character Study History of the Life of William Gilpin. A Character Study (San Francisco, 1889). (San Francisco, 1889).

2 An extraordinarily provocative study of the whole notion of a Great American Desert, together with the opposed myth of the West as the ”Garden of'the World,” is Smith's An extraordinarily provocative study of the whole notion of a Great American Desert, together with the opposed myth of the West as the ”Garden of'the World,” is Smith's Virgin Land, Virgin Land, cited above. It will be apparent throughout this book that I have. drawn heavily upon Mr. Smith's scholars.h.i.+p and conclusions. A summary of the travelers from Pike on who contributed to the belief in such a desert between the 100th meridian and the Rocky Mountains may be found in Ralph C. Morris, ”The Notion of a Great American Desert East of the Rockies,” cited above. It will be apparent throughout this book that I have. drawn heavily upon Mr. Smith's scholars.h.i.+p and conclusions. A summary of the travelers from Pike on who contributed to the belief in such a desert between the 100th meridian and the Rocky Mountains may be found in Ralph C. Morris, ”The Notion of a Great American Desert East of the Rockies,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XIII (1926-27), No. 2, 190-200. Mr. Morris' list is representative, though it might be almost indefinitely expanded. In fact, until settlement began to creep out into the semi-arid plains in the sixties, there was little attempt to controvert the notion of a desert; the princ.i.p.al opposition to the notion came from immigrant brochures or as a result of local patriotism. One of the most effective gestures in this direction was Henry Worrall's cartoon, ”Drouthy Kansas,” first printed on the cover of the XIII (1926-27), No. 2, 190-200. Mr. Morris' list is representative, though it might be almost indefinitely expanded. In fact, until settlement began to creep out into the semi-arid plains in the sixties, there was little attempt to controvert the notion of a desert; the princ.i.p.al opposition to the notion came from immigrant brochures or as a result of local patriotism. One of the most effective gestures in this direction was Henry Worrall's cartoon, ”Drouthy Kansas,” first printed on the cover of the Kansas Farmer Kansas Farmer for November, 1869, and later reproduced in C. C. Hutchin son's for November, 1869, and later reproduced in C. C. Hutchin son's Resources of Kansas, Resources of Kansas, 1871, an immigrant come-on. Even as early as 1866, when Bayard Taylor visited the Colorado mountains, the debate between disparagers and local patriots was on, and Taylor, like many other travelers, felt himself called upon to cast a vote. He sidestepped the issue and closely approximated the truth by seeing not a desert but a steppe, eminently suitable for grazing and with arable oases. Powell's position in this continued debate, which involved great questions of policy, law, and planning, was absolutely central. At the same time, as Mr. Smith points out, it was one of Powell's scientific contemporaries and later employees, Dr. Cyrus Thomas, who noted the cyclic increase in rainfall and stream flow following the first settlement and gave official sanction to the folk belief, strenuously promoted by town builders and speculators, that tree planting and sod breaking altered the climate in man's favor. For Thomas' cautious and apparently justified statement, see the 1871, an immigrant come-on. Even as early as 1866, when Bayard Taylor visited the Colorado mountains, the debate between disparagers and local patriots was on, and Taylor, like many other travelers, felt himself called upon to cast a vote. He sidestepped the issue and closely approximated the truth by seeing not a desert but a steppe, eminently suitable for grazing and with arable oases. Powell's position in this continued debate, which involved great questions of policy, law, and planning, was absolutely central. At the same time, as Mr. Smith points out, it was one of Powell's scientific contemporaries and later employees, Dr. Cyrus Thomas, who noted the cyclic increase in rainfall and stream flow following the first settlement and gave official sanction to the folk belief, strenuously promoted by town builders and speculators, that tree planting and sod breaking altered the climate in man's favor. For Thomas' cautious and apparently justified statement, see the Preliminary Field Report of the United States Geological Survey of Colorado and New Mexico, Preliminary Field Report of the United States Geological Survey of Colorado and New Mexico, 1869. (Hayden Survey, 1869. (Hayden Survey, 3rd Annual Report, 1868.) 3rd Annual Report, 1868.) 3 The furious destruction of the buffalo after the coming of the railroad needs no copious doc.u.mentation. It is one of the shameful memories of the nation. Colonel Henry Inman, in The furious destruction of the buffalo after the coming of the railroad needs no copious doc.u.mentation. It is one of the shameful memories of the nation. Colonel Henry Inman, in The Old Santa Fe Trail, The Old Santa Fe Trail, p. 203, estimated on the evidence of Sante Fe freight reports that the haul of buffalo bones during the seventies and eighties from Kansas alone was 300,000 tons, which represented approximately 31,000,000 buffalo. Colonel Dodge estimated that in 1872 a half million and in 1873 three quarters of a million hides went east by the three western railroads. Amplification of these statistics may be found in E. P. Oberholtzer, p. 203, estimated on the evidence of Sante Fe freight reports that the haul of buffalo bones during the seventies and eighties from Kansas alone was 300,000 tons, which represented approximately 31,000,000 buffalo. Colonel Dodge estimated that in 1872 a half million and in 1873 three quarters of a million hides went east by the three western railroads. Amplification of these statistics may be found in E. P. Oberholtzer, The History of the United States since the Civil War The History of the United States since the Civil War (New York, 1917-37), II, 488, and Dan Elbert Clark, (New York, 1917-37), II, 488, and Dan Elbert Clark, The West in American History The West in American History (New York, 1937), pp. 587-90. Clark mentions a pile of buffalo bones twelve feet high and a half mile long beside the Santa Fe tracks. (New York, 1937), pp. 587-90. Clark mentions a pile of buffalo bones twelve feet high and a half mile long beside the Santa Fe tracks.

4 James C. Malin, in James C. Malin, in The Gra.s.slands of North America. The Gra.s.slands of North America. Malin rightly treats Powell as one of the pioneers in understanding the true problems of the plains, but seems even at this date to bristle at Powell's ”deficiency terminology,” and he puts himself in the awkward position of applauding both Powell and Gilpin for their vision of plains resources and possibilities. Professor Malin, in fact, seems almost as intent upon proving that there is no desert in Kansas as was Reuben Gold Thwaites, who summarized the feeling of the turn of the century in his Malin rightly treats Powell as one of the pioneers in understanding the true problems of the plains, but seems even at this date to bristle at Powell's ”deficiency terminology,” and he puts himself in the awkward position of applauding both Powell and Gilpin for their vision of plains resources and possibilities. Professor Malin, in fact, seems almost as intent upon proving that there is no desert in Kansas as was Reuben Gold Thwaites, who summarized the feeling of the turn of the century in his Brief History of Rocky Mountain Exploration Brief History of Rocky Mountain Exploration (New York, 1904). ”Pike,” wrote Mr. Thwaites, ”appears to have been the first to describe the fine grazing plains of Nebraska and western Kansas as a 'desert' (New York, 1904). ”Pike,” wrote Mr. Thwaites, ”appears to have been the first to describe the fine grazing plains of Nebraska and western Kansas as a 'desert' - - 'a barrier,' he says, 'placed by Providence to keep the American people from a thin diffusion and ruin.' It took over half a century to destroy this myth of a Great American Desert, for which Pike was responsible. When more gigantic systems of irrigation than now exist shall slake the thirst of these parched plains lying upon the eastern slope of the Rockies; when what is at present being done for comparatively narrow districts at the base of the hills shall be extended as far east as the rainy belt, this desert shall everywhere blossom as the rose. The cattle ranches are fast being subdivided into homesteads, and the cultivable area is rapidly growing before our eyes. We hear now and then the cry of the alarmist; that the limit of settlement in the great West is clearly in sight; but there is still room for tens of millions of vigorous colonists in the upper valleys of the Missouri, the Platte, and the Arkansas, and the great plains stretching north and south between them. The Great American Desert of our childhood may yet become the garden of the land.” 'a barrier,' he says, 'placed by Providence to keep the American people from a thin diffusion and ruin.' It took over half a century to destroy this myth of a Great American Desert, for which Pike was responsible. When more gigantic systems of irrigation than now exist shall slake the thirst of these parched plains lying upon the eastern slope of the Rockies; when what is at present being done for comparatively narrow districts at the base of the hills shall be extended as far east as the rainy belt, this desert shall everywhere blossom as the rose. The cattle ranches are fast being subdivided into homesteads, and the cultivable area is rapidly growing before our eyes. We hear now and then the cry of the alarmist; that the limit of settlement in the great West is clearly in sight; but there is still room for tens of millions of vigorous colonists in the upper valleys of the Missouri, the Platte, and the Arkansas, and the great plains stretching north and south between them. The Great American Desert of our childhood may yet become the garden of the land.”

There could not be a more perfect demonstration of Henry Smith's ”garden of the world” syndrome, and in fact Thwaites in talking thus is uncritically repeating the optimism and repudiation of facts that marked William Gilpin. Professor Malin, resenting deficiency terminology and insisting that dust storms are a natural and by no means alarming part of plains life, and have occurred since before settlement and the breaking of the sod, seems to be straining toward the same defensiveness that made Kansas break its neck to put on a gaudy show at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876, two years after drouth and gra.s.shoppers had cleaned the whole state down to the gra.s.sroots. And Thwaites' faith in larger and larger irrigation works presupposes an indefinite amount of water, which is against the facts, or some Martian system of reservoirs and ca.n.a.ls like that proposed by Cyrus Thomas in the seventies. This called for a dam from the Platte to the Arkansas, parallel with the Rockies, so as to impound a lake forty miles wide and more than two hundred long against the foot of the mountains. See the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 3rd Annual Report, 1868, 3rd Annual Report, 1868, pp. 140-41. pp. 140-41.

2.

1 Henry Adams, Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams The Education of Henry Adams, p. 52.

2 The thesis of Frederick Jackson Turner is of course peculiarly applicable to education. Education on the frontier was less a matter of schools than of books and men, and especially of men's att.i.tudes toward books, and men's hunger for what books contained. Part of the essential background for a homemade education was deprivation, and this was a condition that successive frontiers all provided. The thesis of Frederick Jackson Turner is of course peculiarly applicable to education. Education on the frontier was less a matter of schools than of books and men, and especially of men's att.i.tudes toward books, and men's hunger for what books contained. Part of the essential background for a homemade education was deprivation, and this was a condition that successive frontiers all provided.

3 I have made no attempt to cover in any detailed way the early years of Major Powell's life, or to track down his personal relations with his family, his Civil War record, his genealogy, or any of the routine data of the biographer. Since I am attempting only the biography of a I have made no attempt to cover in any detailed way the early years of Major Powell's life, or to track down his personal relations with his family, his Civil War record, his genealogy, or any of the routine data of the biographer. Since I am attempting only the biography of a career, career, and that because of the way in which it heightens the typical, I have chosen to deal only with the quality of Powell's education, which is where both his personal distinction and his typicalness are rooted. Details of his boyhood and youth and war service are available in William Culp Darrah's useful and that because of the way in which it heightens the typical, I have chosen to deal only with the quality of Powell's education, which is where both his personal distinction and his typicalness are rooted. Details of his boyhood and youth and war service are available in William Culp Darrah's useful Powell of the Colorado; Powell of the Colorado; in Grove Karl Gilbert, et al., in Grove Karl Gilbert, et al., John Wesley Powell, John Wesley Powell, a Memorial; and in W. M. Davis, a Memorial; and in W. M. Davis, Biographical Memoir of John Wesley Powell Biographical Memoir of John Wesley Powell, National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs (Was.h.i.+ngton, February, 1915).

4 On frontier education, see Meredith Nicholson, On frontier education, see Meredith Nicholson, The Hoosiers, The Hoosiers, especially Chapter III, ”Bringers of the Light”; also Edward Eggleston's novels especially Chapter III, ”Bringers of the Light”; also Edward Eggleston's novels The Hoosier Schoolmaster, The Circuit Rider, The Hoosier Schoolmaster, The Circuit Rider, and and The Hoosier Schoolboy, The Hoosier Schoolboy, further light is shed by many of the striking autobiographies of men who grew up out of a frontier background: John Muir, further light is shed by many of the striking autobiographies of men who grew up out of a frontier background: John Muir, The Story of My Boyhood and Youth; The Story of My Boyhood and Youth; John Burroughs, John Burroughs, My Boyhood; My Boyhood; William Dean Howells ; A Boy's Town; Hamlin Garland, William Dean Howells ; A Boy's Town; Hamlin Garland, A Son of the Middle Border. A Son of the Middle Border. It would be unwise to omit Mark Twain's accounts, either fictional or otherwise, of a boyhood on the Mississippi, or to neglect later, imported doc.u.ments such as Ole Edvard Rolvaag's It would be unwise to omit Mark Twain's accounts, either fictional or otherwise, of a boyhood on the Mississippi, or to neglect later, imported doc.u.ments such as Ole Edvard Rolvaag's Peder Victorious, Peder Victorious, or Marie Sandaz's, or Marie Sandaz's, Old Jules, Old Jules, or Willa Cather's plains novels, especially or Willa Cather's plains novels, especially 0 Pioneers 0 Pioneers and and My Antonia. My Antonia. Lincoln's boyhood is of course part of American folklore; it is given magnificent treatment in Sandburg's Lincoln's boyhood is of course part of American folklore; it is given magnificent treatment in Sandburg's Lincoln Lincoln, the Prairie Years. the Prairie Years. The doc.u.mentation, in fact, is endless; the way the frontier American boy and girl got their education is still so close to our memory and so entangled with our habits of thinking and believing that even after the basic condition of deprivation is outgrown we continue to act and believe in many things according to patterns established in the backwoods of Indiana or the prairies of Illinois or the windy plains of Dakota a hundred or seventy five or fifty years ago. The doc.u.mentation, in fact, is endless; the way the frontier American boy and girl got their education is still so close to our memory and so entangled with our habits of thinking and believing that even after the basic condition of deprivation is outgrown we continue to act and believe in many things according to patterns established in the backwoods of Indiana or the prairies of Illinois or the windy plains of Dakota a hundred or seventy five or fifty years ago.

5 For this first experience in promotion of a scheme within a political context, see Darrah, For this first experience in promotion of a scheme within a political context, see Darrah, Powell of the Colorado Powell of the Colorado, pp. 73-82; Lindley Morris, ”John Wesley Powell,” unpublished M.A. thesis, Illinois State Normal University (Bloomington, Illinois, 1947); Proceedings, Proceedings, Illinois State Board of Education (1858-75); and the 25th Illinois General a.s.sembly, ”An Act concerning the board of education and the Illinois Natural History Society,” Illinois Laws (1867), pp. 21-22. Illinois State Board of Education (1858-75); and the 25th Illinois General a.s.sembly, ”An Act concerning the board of education and the Illinois Natural History Society,” Illinois Laws (1867), pp. 21-22.

6 An application to the Smithsonian during this visit brought only the loan of scientific equipment, in exchange for the data Powell's party should collect. In the following April Powell went again, and again approached Grant, this time with a request for free rations for twenty-five men. Grant approved, but General Eaton, then commissary general of subsistence, disapproved on the ground Powell was neither a member of the army nor a civilian employee of the government. He suggested a special enactment of Congress as the only recourse, which meant calls on Senator Trumbull and Representative Cullom, as well as on Professor Henry, who introduced Powell to Garfield. After numerous objections, and a spirited support from Trumbull, the Senate authorized the drawing of rations for twenty-five men. The princ.i.p.al justification urged in Powell's behalf was his proposed exploration of the unknown Colorado River and his intention of studying irrigation possibilities in the mountain region. An application to the Smithsonian during this visit brought only the loan of scientific equipment, in exchange for the data Powell's party should collect. In the following April Powell went again, and again approached Grant, this time with a request for free rations for twenty-five men. Grant approved, but General Eaton, then commissary general of subsistence, disapproved on the ground Powell was neither a member of the army nor a civilian employee of the government. He suggested a special enactment of Congress as the only recourse, which meant calls on Senator Trumbull and Representative Cullom, as well as on Professor Henry, who introduced Powell to Garfield. After numerous objections, and a spirited support from Trumbull, the Senate authorized the drawing of rations for twenty-five men. The princ.i.p.al justification urged in Powell's behalf was his proposed exploration of the unknown Colorado River and his intention of studying irrigation possibilities in the mountain region.

What Powell actually got out of Congress before 1870 was meager; they looked upon this unknown with suspicion, apparently afraid that he would set an expensive precedent, though for the past two years they had given F. V. Hayden a budget, of $5000 to conduct a geological survey of Nebraska, and the year before had embraced Clarence King's proposed survey of the 40th parallel.

7 See Schuchert and LeVene, See Schuchert and LeVene, O O. C. Marsh, Pioneer in Paleontology C. Marsh, Pioneer in Paleontology. It was the discovery of Protohippus parvulua, Protohippus parvulua, a veritable missing link in the history of the horse, that conclusively clinched the theories of Darwin and Huxley. What diggers thought were human bones, dug out of a well, Marsh seized upon with a sure and trained comprehension only possible to a thorough professional. a veritable missing link in the history of the horse, that conclusively clinched the theories of Darwin and Huxley. What diggers thought were human bones, dug out of a well, Marsh seized upon with a sure and trained comprehension only possible to a thorough professional.

3.

1 Accounts of the 1868 Powell expedition have been consulted in the following sources: Accounts of the 1868 Powell expedition have been consulted in the following sources: Rocky Mountain News, Rocky Mountain News, August 19, 20, 25, and September 1, 1868, and August 9, 1873; Denver August 19, 20, 25, and September 1, 1868, and August 9, 1873; Denver Post, Post, September 7, 1935; four letters from Sam Garman to Gertrude Lewis, preserved in the Milner Library, Illinois State Normal University; the diary of William N. Byers for 1868, in the Western History Division of the Denver Public Library; William N. Byers, ”First Ascent of Long's Peak,” September 7, 1935; four letters from Sam Garman to Gertrude Lewis, preserved in the Milner Library, Illinois State Normal University; the diary of William N. Byers for 1868, in the Western History Division of the Denver Public Library; William N. Byers, ”First Ascent of Long's Peak,” The Trail, The Trail, VII, No. 5 (October 1914); L. W. Keplinger, two articles with the same t.i.tle as that of Byers, in The Trail, VII, No. 8 (January, 1915), and XII, No. 1 (June, 1919); Thomas F. Dawson, ”Lost Alone on Bear River Forty Years Ago,” VII, No. 5 (October 1914); L. W. Keplinger, two articles with the same t.i.tle as that of Byers, in The Trail, VII, No. 8 (January, 1915), and XII, No. 1 (June, 1919); Thomas F. Dawson, ”Lost Alone on Bear River Forty Years Ago,” The Trail, The Trail, XI, No. 2 (July, 1918); XI, No. 2 (July, 1918); Bloomington Daily Pantagraph Bloomington Daily Pantagraph (August 27, 1868); and the diaries of Lyle Durley and Rhodes Allen, both of these last available to me through the kindness of William Culp Darrah of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. There is additional information, though somewhat garbled by bad memory and personal animosity, in the recollections of Jack Sumner and Billy Hawkins, cited in Note 3, below, and some refutation of the Sumner-Hawkins accounts in a letter from L. W. Keplinger to Robert Brewster Stanton, November 1, 1919 (Box II of the Stanton Papers, New York Public Library). The Sumner-Hawkins version is developed in R. B. Stanton and J. M. Chalfant, (August 27, 1868); and the diaries of Lyle Durley and Rhodes Allen, both of these last available to me through the kindness of William Culp Darrah of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. There is additional information, though somewhat garbled by bad memory and personal animosity, in the recollections of Jack Sumner and Billy Hawkins, cited in Note 3, below, and some refutation of the Sumner-Hawkins accounts in a letter from L. W. Keplinger to Robert Brewster Stanton, November 1, 1919 (Box II of the Stanton Papers, New York Public Library). The Sumner-Hawkins version is developed in R. B. Stanton and J. M. Chalfant, Colorado River Controversies. Colorado River Controversies. Some of the party's activities are reported in Samuel Bowles, Some of the party's activities are reported in Samuel Bowles, The Switzerland of America: A Summer's Vacation in the Parks and Mountains of Colorado The Switzerland of America: A Summer's Vacation in the Parks and Mountains of Colorado (Springfield, Ma.s.s., 1869), pp. 81 ff.; and in Bowles, (Springfield, Ma.s.s., 1869), pp. 81 ff.; and in Bowles, Our New West. Records of travel between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean Our New West. Records of travel between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean (Hartford, Conn., 1869), pp. 502-3. (Hartford, Conn., 1869), pp. 502-3.