Part 4 (1/2)

These regulations were renewed and made even more stringent in subsequent reigns, notably by Charles IX. in 1560, by Henry III. in 1579, by Henry IV. in 1600, by Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. at various dates; whilst in 1696 there was a general visitation, when a tax of 20 livres was levied for the registration of every coat-of-arms.

Henceforward, and almost up to the outbreak of the Revolution, edicts were issued with the object of preventing the French people from usurping arms and t.i.tles of n.o.bility which had not been duly sealed and confirmed by the authorities.

But all these regulations were to very little purpose, and towards the close of the eighteenth century the confusion in heraldry became extreme, especially in the matter of coronets and supporters, which, as the book-plates of the period show, were a.s.sumed in a reckless manner by many who had no right to carry them.

Then came the great upheaval of society, and during the first period of the Revolution, when even to be suspected of n.o.bility was a crime, haste was made to erase, or omit, all the signs of n.o.ble descent which had hitherto been so readily a.s.sumed, and in their places to insert caps of liberty and Republican mottoes, such as _Liberte_, _Egalite_, _Fraternite_, or _La Liberte ou la Mort_.

But in truth the revolutionary period was not productive of much in the way of books or book-plates. Society was too excited to devote its time to such frivolities, and _le rasoir national_ was more busy than the printing press or the graver's tool. Most of the literature of the period consisted of polemical tracts or political pamphlets, and comparatively few libraries were formed.

As soon, however, as Napoleon reached the summit of power, he set vigorously to work to restore something like order in all branches of the public services, which had been reduced to chaos during the troubles. One of the topics to which he early directed his attention, and his brilliant talent for organization, was heraldry. Yet, although he readily discarded republican simplicity _and equality_, he dared not entirely revert to the ancien regime, nor indeed could he have done so had he desired.

Of the old n.o.bility many had perished on the scaffold, or on the battle-fields, others had fled to foreign countries, and their castles and estates had been confiscated by the State. Under the comparatively mild rule of Napoleon a few members of the _ancienne n.o.blesse_ ventured to return to France--indeed, several distinguished Royalists were specially invited to do so,--yet the court of the First Empire was composed, not of these, but for the most part of the soldiers, statesmen, and men of letters who had a.s.sisted to place him on the throne, and on whom he, in return, conferred t.i.tles as brilliant as any that had been formerly held under the old Bourbon kings.

Marshal of France, prince, duke, marquis, count, baron, all flourished once again. Very new and very grand, but of origin most doubtful.

Coats-of-arms were granted, and Louis David, Napoleon's favourite artist, was called upon to design a new style of head-dress to denote the ranks which had, in former days, been indicated by various forms of coronets and helmets, as in British heraldry.

The blazonry under the Empire, being military in its origin, was conceived in the true spirit of military uniformity, each grade being as distinctively marked as the colonel, officers, and rank and file would be in a regiment of infantry drawn up for a general inspection.

The result of blending these three distinct systems--the old style, the Napoleonic, and that of the Restoration period--is somewhat confusing. A few families adhere to the old style, some to the Napoleonic, and the student of French heraldry must make himself acquainted with all.

But reverting to the pre-Revolution period, it appears that about 1700, helmets, wreaths, and mantling began to go out of use on ex-libris, and were replaced by coronets, which at first indicated with some certainty the rank of the owner. But after a time individuals a.s.sumed coronets to which they were not ent.i.tled, whilst members of the lower ranks of n.o.bility promoted themselves, without ceremony, to the higher grades; the baron became a marquis, and the count a.s.sumed the coronet of a duke.

An ordinance of 1663, which forbade the usurpation of the insignia of n.o.bility under the penalty of a fine of 1,500 livres, stopped these abuses for a time. But the law soon became a dead letter, and one might suppose, at the present time, that no such regulation had ever existed, so systematically was it evaded.

As, however, in early unnamed ex-libris the coronets have a certain small value in a.s.sisting in their identification, a brief description of the distinctive features of the princ.i.p.al coronets may be useful to collectors.

The royal crown of France was a circle, surrounded by eight _fleurs-de-lis_, of which only three and two halves are visible in engravings; these were surmounted by the arches of a diadem, on the summit of which was a double _fleur-de-lis_.

The Dauphin of France (eldest son of the king) carried the same number of _fleurs-de-lis_, but the arches over them were formed of dolphins.

The eldest son of the King of France took his t.i.tle from the old province of Dauphine, in the south-east of France, and was usually spoken of as Monsieur Le Dauphin. The first Dauphin was created in 1349, and the last, Louis Antoine, Duc d'Angouleme, son of King Charles X., a.s.sumed the t.i.tle on his father's accession to the throne of France on September 16th, 1824, but owing to the Revolution of 1830, which dethroned Charles X., he did not succeed to the throne. The Duc d'Angouleme died on June 3rd, 1844, when in all probability this ancient t.i.tle became extinct. The Dauphin bore quarterly the arms of France and Dauphine.

The other princes of the blood royal carried a coronet surmounted by the same number of _fleurs-de-lis_, three and two halves, without any diadem.

Dukes carried a golden crown having eight ornamented strawberry leaves (fleurons), of which, in engravings, only three leaves and two halves are visible.

Marquis: Four strawberry leaves, between each of which is a trefoil formed of pearls. One and two half leaves are visible, separated by two trefoils.

Counts: A coronet surmounted by sixteen large pearls, held upon projecting points. Only nine pearls are shown in engravings.

[Ill.u.s.tration: BOOK-PLATE OF BENOiT MARSOLLIER, SQUIRE, SECRETARY TO THE KING (WITH THE CORONET OF COUNT).]

Viscounts: Four large pearls (three only showing), with smaller pearls between.

Baron: A golden crown surrounded by strings of pearls.

Chevalier-bannerets: They carried a ring of gold ornamented with pearls.

Wreath: A roll of ribbons of the tinctures of the s.h.i.+eld, or of the favourite colours of the knight's betrothed. This was placed over the helmet simply as an ornament, and not as any indication of the rank of the bearer.

The rank of Marshal of France was indicated by two batons in saltire behind the s.h.i.+eld. These batons were azure, semee of _fleurs-de-lis_, or. Under the Bourbons, Marshals of France were numerous, and this badge is frequently met with on book-plates.