Part 10 (2/2)
*Howitzer*--a short cannon, intermediate between the gun and mortar.
*Lay*--to aim a gun.
*Limber*--a two-wheeled vehicle to which the gun trail is attached for transport.
*Mandrel*--a metal bar, used as a core around which metal may be forged or otherwise shaped.
*Mortar*--a very short cannon used for high or curved trajectory firing.
*Point-blank*--as used here, the point where the projectile, when fired from a level bore, first strikes the horizontal ground in front of the cannon.
*Projectiles*--_canister or case shot_: a can filled with small missiles that scatter after firing from the gun. _Grape shot_: a cl.u.s.ter of small iron b.a.l.l.s, which scatter upon firing. _Sh.e.l.l_: explosive missile; a hollow cast-iron ball, filled with gunpowder, with a fuze to produce detonation; a long, hollow projectile, filled with explosive and fitted with a fuze. _Shot_: a solid projectile, non-explosive.
*Quoin*--a wedge placed under the breech of a gun to fix its elevation.
*Range*--The horizontal distance from a gun to its target or to the point where the projectile first strikes the ground. _Effective range_ is the distance at which effective results may be expected, and is usually not the same as _maximum range_, which means the extreme limit of range.
*Rotating band*--a band of soft metal, such as copper, which encircles the projectile near its base. By engaging the lands of the spiral rifling in the bore, the band causes rotation of the projectile.
Rotating bands for muzzle-loading cannon were expansion rings, and the powder blast expanded the ring into the rifling grooves.
*Train*--to aim a gun.
*Trajectory*--curved path taken by a projectile in its flight through the air.
*Transom*--horizontal beam between the cheeks of a gun carriage.
*Traverse carriage*--as used here, a stationary gun mount, consisting of a gun carriage on a wheeled platform which can be moved about a pivot for aiming the gun to right or left.
*Windage*--as used here, the difference between the diameter of the shot and the diameter of the bore.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Figure 51--THE PARTS OF A CANNON.]
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following is a listing of the more important sources dealing with the development of artillery which have been consulted in the production of this booklet. None of the German or Italian sources have been included, since practically no German or Italian guns were used in this country.
*SPANISH ORDNANCE.* Luis Collado, ”Platica Manual de la Artilleria”
ms., Milan 1592, and Diego Ufano, _Artillerie_, n. p., 1621, have detailed information on sixteenth century guns, and Tomas de Morla, _Laminas pertenecientes al Tratado de Artilleria_, Madrid, 1803, ill.u.s.trates eighteenth century material. Thor Borresen, ”Spanish Guns and Carriages, 1686-1800” ms., Yorktown, 1938, summarizes eighteenth century changes in Spanish and French artillery. Information on colonial use of cannon can be found in mss. of the Archivo General de Indias as follows: Inventories of Castillo de San Marcos armament in 1683 (58-2-2,32/2), 1706 (58-1-27,89/2), 1740 (58-1-32), 1763 (86-7-11,19), Zuniga's report on the 1702 siege of St. Augustine (58-2-8,B3), and Arredondo's ”Plan de la Ciudad de Sn. Agustin de la Florida” (87-1-1/2, ms. map); and other works, including [Andres Gonzales de Barcia,] _Ensayo Cronologico para la Historia General de la Florida_, Madrid, 1723; J. T. Connor, editor, _Colonial Records of Spanish Florida_, Deland, 1930, Vol. II., Manuel de Montiano, _Letters of Montiano_ (Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, v. VII, pt. I), Savannah 1909; Albert Manucy, ”Ordnance used at Castillo de San Marcos, 1672-1834,” St. Augustine, 1939.
*ENGLISH ORDNANCE.* For detailed information John Muller, _Treatise of Artillery_, London, 1756, has been the basic source for eighteenth century material. William Bourne, _The Arte of Shooting in Great Ordnance_, London, 1587, discusses sixteenth century artillery; and the anonymous _New Method of Fortification_, London, 1748, contains much seventeenth century information. For colonial artillery data there is John Smith, _The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-Englande, and the Summer Isles_, Richmond, 1819; [Edward Kimber] _Late Expedition to the Gates of St. Augustine_, Boston, 1935; and C. L.
Mowat, _East Florida as a British Province_, 1763-1784, Los Angeles, 1939. Charles J. Foulkes, _The Gun-Founders of England_, Cambridge, 1937, discusses the construction of early cannon in England.
*FRENCH ORDNANCE.* M. Surirey de Saint-Remy, _Memoires d'Artillerie_, 3rd edition Paris, 1745, is the standard source for French artillery material in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Col. Fave, _etudes sur le Pa.s.se et l'Avenir de L'Artillerie_, Paris, 1863, is a good general history. Louis Figurier, _Armes de Guerre_, Paris, 1870, is also useful.
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