Part 3 (2/2)

30, 40, 50 Culebrina real 24 to 40 30 to 32 32-pounder culverin royal.

Doble culebrina 40 and up 30 to 32 48-pounder culverin.

In view of the range Collado ascribes to the culverin, some remarks on gun performances are in order. ”Greatest random” was what the old-time gunner called his maximum range, and random it was. Beyond point-blank range, the gunner was never sure of hitting his target. So with smoothbores, long range was never of great importance. Culverins, with their thick walls, long bores, and heavy powder charges, achieved distance; but second cla.s.s guns like field ”cannon,” with less metal and smaller charges, ranged about 1,600 yards at a maximum, while the effective range was hardly more than 500. Heavier pieces, such as the French 33-pounder battering cannon, might have a point-blank range of 720 yards; at 200-yard range its ball would penetrate from 12 to 24 feet of earthwork, depending on how ”poor and hungry” the earth was.

At 130 yards a Dutch 48-pounder cannon put a ball 20 feet into a strong earth rampart, while from 100 yards a 24-pounder siege cannon would bury the ball 12 feet.

But generalizations on early cannon are difficult, for it is not easy to find two ”mathematicians” of the old days whose ordnance lists agree. Spanish guns of the late 1500's do, however, appear to be larger in caliber than pieces of similar name in other countries, as is shown by comparing the culverins: the smallest Spanish _culebrina_ was a 20-pounder, but the French great _coulevrine_ of 1551 was a 15-pounder and the typical English culverin of that century was an 18-pounder. Furthermore, midway of the 1500's, Henry II greatly simplified French ordnance by holding his artillery down to the 33-pounder cannon, 15-pounder great culverin, 7-1/2-pounder b.a.s.t.a.r.d culverin, 2-pounder small culverin, a 1-pounder falcon, and a 1/2-pounder falconet. Therefore, any list like the one following must have its faults:

_Princ.i.p.al English guns of the sixteenth century_

Caliber Length Weight Weight Powder (inches) of gun of shot charge Ft. In. (pounds) (pounds) (pounds)

Rabinet 1.0 300 0.3 0.18 Serpentine 1.5 400 .5 .3 Falconet 2.0 3 9 500 1.0 .4 Falcon 2.5 6 0 680 2.0 1.2 Minion 3.5 6 6 1,050 5.2 3 Saker 3.65 6 11 1,400 6 4 Culverin b.a.s.t.a.r.d 4.56 8 6 3,000 11 5.7 Demiculverin 4.0 3,400 8 6 Basilisk 5.0 4,000 14 9 Culverin 5.2 10 11 4,840 18 12 Pedrero 6.0 3,800 26 14 Demicannon 6.4 11 0 4,000 32 18 b.a.s.t.a.r.d cannon 7.0 4,500 42 20 Cannon serpentine 7.0 5,500 42 25 Cannon 8.0 6,000 60 27 Cannon royal 8.54 8 6 8,000 74 30

Like many gun names, the word ”culverin” has a metaphorical meaning.

It derives from the Latin _colubra_ (snake). Similarly, the light gun called _aspide_ or aspic, meaning ”asp-like,” was named after the venomous asp. But these digressions should not obscure the fact that both culverins and demiculverins were highly esteemed on account of their range and the effectiveness of fire. They were used for precision shooting such as building demolition, and an expert gunner could cut out a section of stone wall with these guns in short order.

As the fierce falcon hawk gave its name to the falcon and falconet, so the saker was named for the saker hawk; rabinet, meaning ”rooster,”

was therefore a suitable name for the falcon's small-bore cousin. The 9-pounder saker served well in any military enterprise, and the _moyana_ (or the French _moyenne_, ”middle-sized”), being a shorter gun of saker caliber, was a good naval piece. The most powerful of the smaller pieces, however, was the _pasavolante_, distinguishable by its great length. It was between 40 and 44 calibers long! In addition, it had thicker walls than any other small caliber gun, and the combination of length and weight permitted an unusually heavy charge--as much powder as the ball weighed. A 6-pound lead ball was what the typical _pasavolante_ fired; another gun of the same caliber firing an iron ball would be a 4-pounder. The point-blank range of this Spanish gun was a football field's length farther than either the falcon or demisaker.

In today's Spanish, _pasavolante_ means ”fast action,” a phrase suggestive of the vicious impetuosity to be expected from such a small but powerful cannon. Sometimes it was termed a _drajon_, the English equivalent of which may be the drake, meaning ”dragon”; but perhaps its most popular name in the early days was _cerbatana_, from Cerebus, the fierce three-headed dog of mythology. Strange things happen to words: a _cerbatana_ in modern Spanish is a pea shooter.

_Sixteenth century Spanish cannon of the second cla.s.s_

Spanish name Weight of ball Translation (pounds)

Quarto canon 9 to 12 Quarter-cannon.

Tercio canon 16 Third-cannon.

Medio canon 24 Demicannon.

Canon de abatir 32 Siege cannon.

Doble canon 48 Double cannon.

Canon de bateria 60 Battering cannon.

Serpentino Serpentine.

Quebrantamuro or lombarda 70 to 90 Wallbreaker or lombard.

Basilisco 80 and up Basilisk.

The second cla.s.s of guns were the only ones properly called ”cannon”

in this early period. They were siege and battering pieces, and in some few respects were similar to the howitzers of later years. A typical Spanish cannon was only about two-thirds as long as a culverin, and the bore walls were thinner. Naturally, the powder charge was also reduced (half the ball's weight for a common cannon, while a culverin took double that amount).

The Germans made their light cannon 18 calibers long. Most Spanish siege and battering guns had this same proportion, for a shorter gun would not burn all the powder efficiently, ”which,” said Collado, ”is a most grievous fault.” However, small cannon of 18-caliber length were too short; the muzzle blast tended to destroy the embrasure of the parapet. For this reason, Spanish demicannon were as long as 24 calibers and the quarter-cannon ran up to 28. The 12-pounder quarter-cannon, incidentally, was ”culverined” or reinforced so that it actually served in the field as a demiculverin.

The great weight of its projectile gave the double cannon its name.

The warden of the Castillo at Milan had some 130-pounders made, but such huge pieces were of little use, except in permanent fortifications. It took a huge crew to move them, their carriages broke under the concentrated weight, and they consumed mountains of munitions. The lombard, which apparently originated in Lombardy, and the basilisk had the same disadvantages. The fabled basilisk was a serpent whose very look was fatal. Its namesake in bronze was tremendously heavy, with walls up to 4 calibers thick and a bore up to 30 calibers long. It was seldom used by the Europeans, but the Turkish General Mustafa had a pair of basilisks at the siege of Malta, in 1565, that fired 150- and 200-pound b.a.l.l.s. The 200-pounder gun broke loose as it was being transferred to a homeward bound galley and sank permanently to the bottom of the sea. Its mate was left on the island, where it became an object of great curiosity.

The third cla.s.s of ordnance included the guns firing stone projectiles, such as the pedrero (or perrier, petrary, cannon petro, etc.), the mortars, and the old bombards like Edinburgh Castle's famous Mons Meg. Bars of wrought iron were welded together to form Meg's tube, and iron rings were clamped around the outside of the piece. In spite of many accidents, this coopering technique persisted through the fifteenth century. Mons Meg was made in two sections that screwed together, forming a piece 13 feet long and 5 tons in weight.

<script>