Part 25 (1/2)

29 ”Aaron Aaronsohn watched”: Florence, Lawrence and Aaronsohn, p. 119.

30 ”to the delight of the street boys”: Aaronsohn, Present Economic and Political Conditions in Palestine, p. 6, early 1917; PRO-FO 882/14, f. 328.

31 ”were destroyed by”: Aaronsohn (anonymous), ”Syria: Economic and Political Conditions,” Arab Bulletin no. 33 (December 4, 1916): 505.

32 Within days of Turkey joining: Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks, pp. 18788.

33 Of course, this fatwa: Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, p. 204.

34 ”generously forbidding”: Aaronsohn (anonymous), ”The Jewish Colonies,” Arab Bulletin, no. 64 (September 27, 1917): 391.

35 It wasn't until the same commander: Alex Aaronsohn, ”Saifna Ahmar, Ya Sultan!” The Atlantic Monthly, July 1916, Vol. 118.

36 For many of the Jewish emigres: A number of historians have a.s.serted that Djemal Pasha ordered the 191415 expulsion of Jews from Palestine as part of a general campaign to destroy the Jewish community, and none have made this a.s.sertion more forcefully than David Fromkin. On pp. 21011 of A Peace to End All Peace, Fromkin contends that Djemal ”took violent action against the Jewish settlers. Influenced by a bitterly anti-Zionist Ottoman official named Beha-ed-din, Djemal moved to destroy the Zionist settlements and ordered the expulsion of all foreign Jews-which is to say, most of Jewish Palestine.” In fact, Djemal's December 1914 expulsion edict applied only to the citizens of belligerent nations, the same policy adopted by other warring nations at the outbreak of World War I, and was then soon amended to exempt British and French Jews. Furthermore, those ”belligerent” Jews in Palestine slated for expulsion, chiefly Russian Jews, were given the choice of staying if they a.s.sumed Ottoman citizens.h.i.+p, an option unique to the Ottoman Empire. As a result of this comparatively lenient treatment and the many loopholes it provided, only a fraction of the estimated 85,000 Jews residing in prewar Palestine left or were forced from the territory, and certainly not the ”most of Jewish Palestine” of Fromkin's estimation.

37 ”I am always watched”: Aaronsohn to Rosenwald, January 21, 1915; NARA RG84, Entry 58, Volume 378, Decimal 800.

38 ”Woolley looks after”: Brown, The Letters of T. E. Lawrence, p. 69.

39 ”Jerusalem is a dirty town”: Lawrence, ”Syria: The Raw Material,” written early 1915, Arab Bulletin no. 44 (March 12, 1917).

40 ”to everyone on board s.h.i.+p”: Yale, It Takes So Long, chapter 3, p. 1.

41 He also confirmed: Military Censor, Statement of W. M. Yale, November 17, 1914; PRO- WO 157/688.

42 ”When he secured”: Yale, T. E. Lawrence: Scholar, Soldier, Statesman, Diplomat (undated but 1935); BU Box 6, Folder 1.

43 With their Hebron road: Lawrence (unsigned and undated), handwritten notes on interview of William Yale; PRO-WO 158/689.

44 ”Whenever he shook your hand”: Morgenthau, Amba.s.sador Morgenthau's Story, p. 120.

45 ”gay, debonair, interested”: Bliss, ”Djemal Pasha: A Portrait,” in The Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 86 (New York: Leonard Scott, JulyDecember 1919), p. 1151.

46 ”He had the ambition”: Ibid., p. 1153.

47 ”Never shall I forget”: Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, pp. 14142.

48 ”And here is the only road”: Ibid., p. 143.

49 ”undoubtedly the carefully”: Prfer to Oppenheim, December 31, 1914; PAAA, Roll 21128, Der Weltkrieg no. 11g, Band 6.

Chapter 5: A Despicable Mess.

1 ”So far as Syria”: Lawrence, The Home Letters, p. 303.

2 From his knowledge: Intelligence Department ”Note,” January 3, 1915; PRO-FO 371/2480, f. 137.

3 Understandably, the British : Details on the Doris-Alexandretta affair were related in a series of reports from U.S. consul J. B. Jackson, Aleppo, to U.S. Secretary of State Lansing, between December 22, 1914, and January 14, 1915; NARA RG84, Entry 81, Box 12, Decimal 820.

4 ”We have been informed”: Unt.i.tled Intelligence Department report advocating landing at Alexandretta, January 5, 1915; SADD Clayton Papers, File 694/3/7, p. 3.

5 ”Our particular job”: Lawrence to Hogarth, January 15, 1915, in Garnett, The Letters of T. E. Lawrence, p. 191.

6 ”Everyone was absolutely”: Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, p. 154.

7 ”I used to talk”: Ibid., pp. 15455.

8 ”I confess”: Prfer, Diary, January 26, 1915; HO.

9 ”The enemy cruisers”: Ibid., January 30, 1915.

10 As it was, the approximately: Erickson, Ordered to Die, p. 71.

11 ”Despite all our agitation”: Prfer to von w.a.n.genheim and Oppenheim, February 9, 1915; NARA T137, Roll 23, Frame 862.

12 ”The holy war”: Prfer to Oppenheim, February 9, 1915; NARA T137, Roll 23, Frame 868.

13 Instead, the war strategists: For a detailed description of the Alexandretta-Dardanelles debate in the British government, see Gottlieb, Studies in Secret Diplomacy, pp. 7787.

14 Even the most pessimistic: M.O.2 report, ”Expedition to Alexandretta,” January 11, 1915, p. 2; PRO-WO 106/1570.

15 ”Taking the Turkish Army”: P. P. Graves, ”Report on Turkish Military Preparations and Political Intrigues Having an Attack on Egypt as Their Object,” November 10, 1914; PRO-FO 371/1970, f. 187.

16 ”So far as Syria”: Lawrence to parents, February 20, 1915, in Lawrence, The Home Letters, p. 303.

17 As the Allied fleet: Gottlieb, Studies in Secret Diplomacy, p. 109.

18 ”Can you get someone”: Lawrence to Hogarth, March 18, 1915, in Garnett, The Letters of T. E. Lawrence, pp. 19394.

19 Sure enough, at about 2 p.m.: Hickey, Gallipoli, p. 72.

20 In various geological: Manuel, Realities of American-Palestine Relations, p. 267. Also, ”Mines and Quarries of Palestine in 1921 by the Geological Adviser,”; NARA M353, Roll 87, doc.u.ment 867N.63/1.

21 Just prior to Yale's return: Cole, director of Socony, to Under-Secretary of State Polk, September 18, 1919; UNH Box 2.

22 The answer: A half-million more: Cole, director of Socony, to Under-Secretary of State Polk, May 5, 1919; NARA RG59, Central Decimal File, 19201929, doc.u.ment 467.11st25/31.

23 It had no intention: Yale, It Takes So Long, chapter 4, p. 3, and pp. 2425.

24 To this end: Ibid., chapter 3, p. 12, and chapter 4, p. 3.

25 ”Silence!”: Lewis, ”An Ottoman Officer in Palestine, 19141918,” in Kushner, Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, p. 404.

26 ”I now can grant”: Bliss, ”Djemal Pasha: A Portrait,” in The Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 86 (New York: Leonard Scott, JulyDecember 1919), p. 1156.