Part 19 (1/2)

[236] Cf. Arist. _Pol_. i. 8. 12 [Greek: _hae polemikae physei ktaetikae pos estai; hae gar thaereutikae meros autaes, hae dei chraesthai pros te ta thaeria kai ton anthropon hosoi pephykotes archesthai mae thelousin, hos physei dikaion touton onta ton polemon_.]

[237] Mahaffy (l.c.) thinks that the Syrians and Cilicians of the first slave war in Sicily, whom he believes to have been transferred from Carthage, had been secured by that state in a trade with the East--the trade which perhaps took the Southern Mediterranean route from Malta past Crete and Cyprus.

[238] Wallon _Histoire de l'Esclavage_ ii. p, 45.

[239] Strabo xiv, 3. 2 [Greek: _en Sidae goun polei taes Pamphylias ta naupaegia synistato tois Kilixin, hypo kaeruka te epoloun ekei tous halontas eleutherous h.o.m.ologountes_.]

[240] Strabo (xiv. 5. 2), after describing the slave market at Delos, continues [Greek: _hoste kai paroimian genesthai dia touto; hempore, katapleuson, exelou, panta pepratai_.]

[241] Plut. _Cato Maj_. 4.

[242] If we make the denarius a rough equivalent of the drachma, some of the prices given in Plautus are as follows:--A child, 600 denarii, a nurse and two female children, 1800, a young girl, 2000, another 3000.

Here we seem to get the average prices for valuable and refined domestics. Elsewhere special circ.u.mstances might increase the value; a female lyrist fetches 5000 denarii, a girl of remarkable attractions 6000. See Wallon _Hist. de l'Esclavage ii. pp. 160 ff.

[243] Ter. _Andria_ ii. 6. 26.

[244] It is probable, however, that in the case of superintendents (_villici, villicae, procuratores_) experience may have been an element in the prices which they fetched.

[245] Festus p. 332 Sardi venales, alius alio nequior.

[246] Plut. _Cato Maj_. 21.

[247] Cato _R.R_. 56, 57.

[248] Ibid. 2.

[249] At the close of this period a division took place between the functions of _villicus_ and those of _procurator_. The former still controlled the economy of the estate and administered its goods; the latter was the business agent and entered into legal relations with other parties. See Voigt in Iwan-Muller's _Handbuch_ iv. 2 p. 368.

[250] Colum. i. 6.

[251] An inspection of all the _ergastula_ of Italy was ordered by Augustus (Suet. _Aug_. 32) and Tiberius (Suet. _Tib_. 8). Columella (i.

8) recommends inspection by the master.

[252] Kidnapping became very frequent after the civil wars. It was to prevent this evil that inspection was ordered by the Emperors (note 3).

See Thedenat in Daremberg-Saglio _Dict. des Antiq. s.v_. Ergastulum.

[253] Plaut. _Most_. i. 1. 18; Florus iii. 19.

[254] For the distinction between the _vincti_ and _soluti_ see Colum.

i. 7.

[255] Varro _R.R_. ii. 2 10 The proportion is larger than would be demanded in modern times, but Mahaffy (l.c.) remarks that we do not hear of the work of guardians.h.i.+p being shared by trained dogs, and that the danger from wild beasts and lawless cla.s.ses was considerable. As regards the first point, however, we do hear of packs of hounds which followed the Sicilian shepherds (Diod. x.x.xiv. 2), and it is difficult to believe that these had not developed some kind of training.

[256] Varro _R.R_. ii. 10. 7.

[257] Diod, x.x.xiv. 2. 38.

[258] Val. Max. ii. 10. 2.