Part 2 (1/2)
”'Once upon a time a small quant.i.ty of opium was given to a certain peac.o.c.k at four o'clock in the afternoon. Well, punctually at four the next afternoon who should come in but the selfsame peac.o.c.k, longing for a repet.i.tion of the favour--another dose of opium!'--(Laughter.)
”M. sat watching the Master as he amused himself with the boys.
He kept up a running fire of chaff, and it seemed as if these boys were his own age and he was playing with them. Peals of laughter and brilliant flashes of humour follow upon one another, calling to mind the image of a fair when the Joy of the World is to be had for sale.”
I rubbed my eyes. Was this India or Athens? Is East East? Is West West?
Are there any opposites that exclude one another? Or is this all-comprehensive Hinduism, this universal toleration, this refusal to recognise ultimate antagonisms, this ”mush,” in a word, as my friends would dub it--is this, after all, the truest and profoundest vision?
And I read in my book:
”M.'s egotism is now completely crushed. He thinks to himself: What this G.o.d-man says is indeed perfectly true. What business have I to go about preaching to others? Have I myself known G.o.d?
Do I love G.o.d? About G.o.d I know nothing. It would indeed be the height of folly and vulgarity itself, of which I should be ashamed, to think of teaching others! This is not mathematics, or history, or literature; it is the science of G.o.d! Yes, I see the force of the words of this holy man.”
Footnotes:
[Footnote 2: _Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna._ Second Edition. Part 1. Madras: Published by the Ramakrishna Mission. 1912.]
IX
THE MONSTROUS REGIMEN OF WOMEN
Here at Cape Comorin, at India's southernmost point, among the sands and the cactuses and the palms rattling in the breeze, comes to us news of the Franchise Bill and of militant suffragettes. And I reflect that in this respect England is a ”backward” country and Travancore an ”advanced” one. Women here--except the Brahmin women--are, and always have been, politically and socially on an equality and more than an equality with men. For this is one of the few civilised States--for aught I know it is the only one--in which ”matriarchy” still prevails.
That doesn't mean--though the word suggests it--that women govern, though, in fact, the succession to the throne pa.s.ses to women equally with men. But it means that woman is the head of the family, and that property follows her line, not the man's. All women own property equally with men, and own it in their own right. The mother's property pa.s.ses to her children, but the father's pa.s.ses to his mother's kin. The husband, in fact, is not regarded as related to the wife. Relations.h.i.+p means descent from a common mother, whereas descent from a common father is a negligible fact, no doubt because formerly it was a questionable one.
Women administer their own property, and, as I am informed, administer it more prudently than the men.
Not only so; they have in marriage the superior position occupied by men in the West. The Nair woman chooses her own husband; he comes to her house, she does not go to his; and, till recently, she could dismiss him as soon as she was tired of him. The law--man-made, no doubt!--has recently altered this, and now mutual consent is required for a valid divorce. Still the woman is, at least on this point, on an equality with the man. And the heavens have not yet fallen. As to the vote, it is not so important or so general here as at home. The people live under a paternal monarchy ”by right divine.” The Rajah who consolidated the kingdom, early in the eighteenth century, handed it over formally to the G.o.d of the temple, and administers it in his name. Incidentally this gave him access to temple revenues. It also makes his person sacred. So much so that in a recent prison riot, when the convicts escaped and marched to the police with their grievances, the Rajah had only to appear and tell them to march back to prison, and they did so to a man, and took their punishment. The government, it will be seen, is not by votes. Still there are votes for local councils, and women have them equally with men. Any other arrangement would have seemed merely preposterous to the Nairs; and perhaps if any exclusion had been contemplated it would have been of men rather than of women.
Other incidental results follow from the equality of the s.e.xes. The early marriages which are the curse of India do not prevail among the Nairs. Consequently the schooling of girls is continued later. And this State holds the record in all India for female education. We visited a school of over 600 girls, ranging from infancy to college age, and certainly I never saw school-girls look happier, keener, or more alive.
Society, clearly, has not gone to pieces under ”the monstrous regimen of women.” Travancore claims, probably with justice, to be the premier native State; the most advanced, the most prosperous, the most happy.
Because of the position of women? Well, hardly. The climate is delightful, the soil fertile, the natural resources considerable. Every man sits under his own palm tree, and famine is unknown. The people, and especially the children, are noticeably gay, in a land where gaiety is not common. But one need not be a suffragette to hold that the equality of the s.e.xes is one element that contributes to its well-being, and to feel that in this respect England lags far behind Travancore.
Echoes of the suffrage controversy at home have led me to dwell upon this matter of the position of women. But, to be candid, it will not be that that lingers in my mind when I look back upon my sojourn here. What then? Perhaps a sea of palm leaves, viewed from the lighthouse top, stretching beside the sea of blue waves; perhaps a sandy river bed, with brown nude figures was.h.i.+ng clothes in the s.h.i.+ning pools; perhaps the oiled and golden skins glistening in the sun; perhaps naked children astride on their mothers' hips, or screaming with laughter as they race the motor-car; perhaps the huge tusked elephant that barred our way for a moment yesterday; perhaps the jungle teeming with hidden and menacing life; perhaps the seash.o.r.e and its tumbling waves. One studies inst.i.tutions, but one does not love them. Often one must wish that they did not exist, or existed in such perfection that their existence might be unperceived. Still, as inst.i.tutions go, this, which regulates the relations of men and women, is, I suppose, the most important. So from the surf of the Arabian sea and the blaze of the Indian sun I send this little object lesson.
X
THE BUDDHA AT BURUPUDUR
To the north the cone of a volcano, rising sharp and black. To the east another. South and west a jagged chain of hills. In the foreground ricefields and cocoa palms. Everywhere intense green, untoned by grey; and in the midst of it this strange erection. Seen from below and from a distance it looks like a pyramid that has been pressed flat. In fact, it is a series of terraces built round a low hill. Six of them are rectangular; then come three that are circular; and on the highest of these is a solid dome, crowned by a cube and a spire. Round the circular terraces are set, close together, similar domes, but hollow, and pierced with lights, through which is seen in each a seated Buddha. Seated Buddhas, too, line the tops of the parapets that run round the lower terraces. And these parapets are covered with sculpture in high relief.
One might fancy oneself walking round one of the ledges of Dante's ”Purgatorio” meditating instruction on the walls. Here the instruction would be for the selfish and the cruel. For what is inscribed is the legend and cult of the lord of tenderness. Much of it remains undeciphered and unexplained. But on the second terrace is recorded, on one side, the life of Sakya-Muni; on the other, his previous incarnations. The latter, taken from the ”Jatakas,” are nave and charming apologues.
For example: Once the Buddha lived upon earth as a hare. In order to test him Indra came down from heaven in the guise of a traveller.
Exhausted and faint, he asked the animals for help. An otter brought fish, a monkey fruit, a jackal a cup of milk. But the hare had nothing to give. So he threw himself into a fire, that the wanderer might eat his roasted flesh. Again: Once the Buddha lived upon earth as an elephant. He was met by seven hundred travellers, lost and exhausted with hunger. He told them where water would be found, and, near it, the body of an elephant for food. Then, hastening to the spot, he flung himself over a precipice, that he might provide the meal himself. Again: Once the Buddha lived upon earth as a stag. A king, who was hunting him, fell into a ravine. Whereupon the stag halted, descended, and helped him home. All round the outer wall run these pictured lessons. And opposite is shown the story of Sakya-Muni himself. We see the new-born child with his feet on lotuses. We see the fatal encounter with poverty, sickness, and death. We see the renunciation, the sojourn in the wilderness, the attainment under the bo-tree, the preaching of the Truth. And all this sculptured gospel seems to bring home to one, better than the volumes of the learned, what Buddhism really meant to the ma.s.ses of its followers.