Part 6 (1/2)

The isticated air, and will take it froanese and other substances; and with this union it becoisticated isticated marine acid air, described above

LECTURE XIV

_Of the Vegetable Acids, and others of a less perfect nature_

The principal of the vegetable acids are the _acetous_ and the _tartareous_ The acetous acid is the produce of a peculiar fer the _vinous_, in which ardent spirit it is procured, and succeeded by the _putrefactive_, in which volatile alkali is generated

Thus wine is converted into vinegar Crude vinegar, however, contains soetable substances from which it was procured: but distillation separates theh some of the acid is lost in the process

The acetous acid is concentrated by frost, which does not affect the proper acid, but only the water hich it is united Itfirst coed by a stronger acid, or by etable alkali, forms a substance that is called the _foliated earth of tartar_; and it may be expelled from it by the vitriolic acid When coris_; and from this union heat alone will expel it in a concentrated state The acetous acid thus concentrated is called _radical vinegar_ Still, however, it is weaker than any of the preceding etables, as lemons, sorrel, and unripe fruit, contain acids, ready formed by nature, ives them their peculiar flavours All these acids have peculiar properties; but it is not necessary to note thear, these acids may be concentrated by frost, and also by a coer acid

The _acid of tartar_ is very siar Tartar, from which it is procured, is a substance deposited on the inside of wine-casks, though it is also found ready foretable alkali and this peculiar acid When refined from its impurities, it is called _crystals_, or _crea the tartar with chalk, or lime, which imbibes the superfluous acid, and this is expelled by the acid of vitriol Or itthe tartar with five or six ti the acid of vitriol to it This unites with the vegetable alkali, and forms vitriolated tartar; and the pure acid of tartar may be procured in crystals, by evaporation and filtration, equal in weight to half the cream of tartar This acid of tartar is more soluble in water than the cream of tartar

This acid, united to the mineral alkali, makes _Rochelle salt_

Every kind of wood, when distilled, or burned, yields a peculiar acid; and it is the vapour of this acid that is so offensive to the eyes in the setable substances, especially the farinaceous ones, and froar, by distillation with the nitrous acid This seizes upon the substance hich the acid was united, and especially the phlogiston adhering to it, and then the peculiar _acid of sugar_ crystallizes Thus with three parts of sugar, and thirty of nitrous acid, one part of the proper acid of sugar may be obtained By the same process an acid may be procured froetable substances, especially nut-galls, contain a substance which has obtained the naent principle_; the peculiar property of which is, that it precipitates solutions of iron in the form of a black powder, and in this manner _ink_ is made But by solution in water and evaporation, crystals, which are a proper _acid of galls_, may be obtained

_Amber_ is a hard se out of the earth, or thrown up by the sea It is chiefly remarkable for its electrical property; but by distillation in close vessels there subliht of cold water Ain, and to consist of an oil united to this peculiar acid

The acids I shallof a less perfect nature as acids, I shall only just note them here

_Borax_ is a substance chiefly found in a crystallized state in some lakes in the East Indies It consists of the mineral alkali and a peculiar acid, whichacid of vitriol to a solution of it in water This acid has been called _sedative salt_, from its supposed uses in ht of water to dissolve it

Several other sten_, and _wolfraetables ones, have been lately found to yield peculiar acids They are also produced in a concrete state, and require a considerable proportion of water to make them liquid; but as the water in which they are dissolved turns the juice of litmus red, and as they also unite with alkalis, they have all the necessary characteristics of acids

LECTURE XV

_Of the Phosphoric Acid_

The h it has lately been found in some mineral substances, is the _phosphoric_

Phosphorus itself is a re sulphur, but much more inflammable It has been procured chiefly, till of late, froenerally from _bones_, by means of the vitriolic acid, which unites with the calcareous earth of which bones consist, and sets at liberty the phosphoric acid, or the base of that acid, hich it was naturally combined The acid thus procured,heat, makes phosphorus

This substance burns with a lambent flame in the co and vivid flame if it be exposed to the open air when isticated air of the atmosphere, and in this manner the purest phosphoric acid is produced

This acid is also procured in great purity by means of the nitrous or vitriolic acids, especially the foriston of the phosphorus, and thus leaves the acid pure In this process phlogisticated air is produced