Part 6 (1/2)

[Footnote 122: _Cf._ the ”Commission of the Commissioners for the West Indian Expedition.” (Narrative of Gen. Venables, p. 109.)]

[Footnote 123: _Cf._ American Hist. Review, vol. iv. p. 228; ”Instructions unto Gen. Robt. Venables.” (Narrative of Gen. Venables, p.

111.)]

[Footnote 124: _Cf._ Narrative of Gen. Venables, pp. 3, 90; ”Instructions unto Generall Penn,” etc., _ibid._, p. 107.

After the outbreak of the Spanish war, Cromwell was anxious to clear his government of the charges of treachery and violation of international duties. The task was entrusted to the Latin Secretary, John Milton, who on 26th October 1655 published a manifesto defending the actions of the Commonwealth. He gave two princ.i.p.al reasons for the attempt upon the West Indies:--(1) the cruelties of the Spaniards toward the English in America and their depredations on English colonies and trade; (2) the outrageous treatment and extermination of the Indians. He denied the Spanish claims to all of America, either as a papal gift, or by right of discovery alone, or even by right of settlement, and insisted upon both the natural and treaty rights of Englishmen to trade in Spanish seas.]

[Footnote 125: The memory of the exploits of Drake and his contemporaries was not allowed to die in the first half of the seventeenth century. Books like ”Sir Francis Drake Revived,” and ”The World encompa.s.sed by Sir Francis Drake,” were printed time and time again. The former was published in 1626 and again two years later; ”The World Encompa.s.sed” first appeared in 1628 and was reprinted in 1635 and 1653. A quotation from the t.i.tle-page of the latter may serve to ill.u.s.trate the temper of the times:--

Drake, Sir Francis. The world encompa.s.sed. Being his next voyage to that to Nombre de Dios, formerly imprinted ... offered ... especially for the stirring up of heroick spirits, to benefit their country and eternize their names by like bold attempts. Lon. 1628.

_Cf._ also Gardiner, _op. cit._, iii. pp. 343-44.]

[Footnote 126: Gardiner, _op. cit._, iii. p. 346; _cf._ also ”Present State of Jamaica, 1683.”]

[Footnote 127: Long: ”History of Jamaica,” i. p. 260; C.S.P. Colon., 1675-76. Addenda, No. 274.]

[Footnote 128: Long, _op. cit._, i. p. 272 _ff._]

[Footnote 129: Ibid.; Thurloe Papers, VI. p. 540; vii. p. 260; ”Present State of Jamaica, 1683”; C.S.P. Colon., 1675-76. Addenda, Nos. 303-308.]

[Footnote 130: Long, _op. cit._, i. p. 245; C.S.P. Colon., 1675-76.

Addenda, Nos. 236, 261, 276, etc.

The conditions in Jamaica directly after its capture are in remarkable contrast to what might have been expected after reading the enthusiastic descriptions of the island, its climate, soil and products, left us by Englishmen who visited it. Jackson in 1643 compared it with the Arcadian plains and Thessalien Tempe, and many of his men wanted to remain and live with the Spaniards. See also the description of Jamaica contained in the Rawlinson MSS. and written just after the arrival of the English army:--”As for the country ... more than this.” (Narrative of Gen.

Venables, pp. 138-9.)]

[Footnote 131: C.S.P. Colon., 1675-76. Addenda, Nos. 229, 232; Lucas: Historical Geography of the British Colonies, ii. p. 101, and note.]

[Footnote 132: Lucas, _op. cit._, ii. p. 109.]

[Footnote 133: C.S.P. Colon., 1675-76. Addenda, Nos. 230, 231. Fortescue was Gen. Venables' successor in Jamaica.]

[Footnote 134: Ibid., No. 218; Long, _op. cit._, i. p. 262.]

[Footnote 135: C.S.P. Colon., 1675-76. Addenda, Nos. 218, 252; Thurloe Papers, IV. pp. 451, 457.]

[Footnote 136: Thurloe Papers, IV. pp. 152, 493.]

[Footnote 137: C.S.P. Colon., 1675-76. Addenda, No. 236.]

[Footnote 138: Thurloe Papers, IV. p. 604.]

[Footnote 139: Ibid., pp. 454-5, 604.]

[Footnote 140: Thurloe Papers, IV. p. 452.]

[Footnote 141: Ibid., v. pp. 96, 151.]