Part 13 (2/2)
It is a fact of universal notoriety, that the land, as a class, work for half, or less than half the wages of our own The cost of machinery there, also, is about half as much as the cost of the same articles with us; while our capital, when loaned, produces nearly double the rate of English interest; yet against these grand adverse circue of tariff, successfully colish capitalists inbusiness No explanation can be given of this extraordinary fact which does not take into the account the difference of education between the operatives in the two countries
One of our most careful and successfulin one of his cotton-mills a better for a poorer educated class of operatives, he was enabled to add twelve or fifteen per cent
to the speed of his er fro which facts like this have upon the wisdo the education of children inestablishments[41]
[41] In Connecticut the statutes provide ”that no child under the age of fifteen years shall be e establishment, or in any other business in the state, unless such child shall have attended soiven by a teacher qualified to instruct in orthography, reading, writing, English graraphy, and arithmetic, at least threeany and every year in which such child shall be so eent, or superintendent of anyestablishment who shall employ any child in such establishment contrary to the provisions of this act, shall forfeit and pay for each offense a penalty of twenty-five dollars to the treasurer of the state” In Massachusetts the forfeiture is fifty dollars Similar provisions exist in other American, and in several European states
The nued in the various , etc, has been estimated at forty thousand, and the annual value of their labor at one hundred dollars each on an average, or four millions of dollars for the whole
From the facts stated in the letters of Messrs Mills and Clark above cited, it appears there is a difference of not less than fifty per cent
between the earnings of the least educated and of the best educated operatives--between those whotheir names, and those who have been acceptably e
Now suppose the whole forty thousand feed in the various kinds of raded to the level of the lowest class, it would follow that their aggregate earnings would fall at once to two millions of dollars But, on the other hand, suppose them all to be elevated by hest, and their earnings would rise to the sum of six millions of dollars annually
There can be no doubt but that education, or the want of it, affects the pecuniary value of female labor in the ordinary domestic employments of the sex not less than in manufactures If, then, the feht hters, wives, andthem all an education equal to the best would at once raise their earnings, annually, two hundred millions of dollars! But this is the lowest sense in which we can estimate the value of education, even in the sterner sex This suold when coht millions of educated females would exert upon the do our national character and i the condition of the race
Not lazier's apprentice, even after having served an apprenticeshi+p of seven years, to be able to cut glass with a dialass upon which he worked But the invention of a simple tool has put it into the power of the lass with facility, and without loss A ers_, observed that there was one direction in which the dia by use The tool not only steadies the diamond, but fastens it in that direction
The operation of tanning leather consists in exposing a hide to the action of a cheth of time sufficient to allow every particle of the hide to beco the best leather, the hides used to lay in the pit for six, twelve, or eighteen ed to wait all this time for a return of his capital
By the modern process, the hides are placed in a close pit, with a solution of the tanninexhausted, the liquid penetrates through every pore and fiber of the skin, and the whole process is co of cloth, which used to be effected in the open air, and in exposed situations where teland hundreds and probably thousands of men have yielded and forfeited their lives, is now performed in an unexposed situation, and in a manner so expeditious, that cloth is bleached as much more rapidly than it formerly was as hides are tanned
It is stated by Lord Broughaes of Science, that the inventor of the new ar made more money in a shorter time, and with less risk and trouble, than perhaps was ever realized froence also _prevents loss_ as well as _makes profits_ How much time and money have been squandered in repeated attempts to invent machinery, after a principle had been once tested and had failed through some defect inherent and natural, and therefore insuperable! Within thirty years not less than five patents have been taken out, in England and the United States, for a certain construction of paddle-wheels for a steamboat, which construction was tested and condemned as early as 1810[42] A case once cae, says Mr Mann, of a person who spent a fortune in y, which would have cost but a dollar, and ht have been read in a week, would have infored to a formation lower down in the natural series than coal ever is, or, according to the constitution of things, ever can be found He therefore worked into a stratum which must have been foretable existed on the planet
Nuht be cited, but this is not necessary
[42] This stateo More such patents may have been taken out within this time
These are a few specimens, on familiar subjects, taken al the inherent superiority of any association or coreat, where _mind_ is a member of the partnershi+p What is true of the above-mentioned cases is true of the whole circle of those arts by which human life is sustained and human existence comforted, elevated, and embellished Mind has been the improver, for matter can not improve itself, and improvement has advanced in proportion to the number and culture of the minds excited to activity and applied to the work
_Sihout the whole compass of human labor and research;_ in the arts of Transportation and Locooat as beasts of burden, to the steaation, fro timidly to the shore, to steam-shi+ps which boldly traverse the ocean; in Hydraulics, fro water by hand in a vessel or in horizontal aqueducts, to those vast conduits which supply the deines which throw a colus; in the arts of Spinning and Rope--frae or cables of any length, in a space ten feet square; in Horology or Ti, from the sun-dial and the water-clock to the watch, and to the chrono his longitude, and in saving property and life; in the extraction, forging, and teht into all for, instead of the stone hatchet or the fish-shell of the savage, an almost infinite variety of instru or solidity for striking; in the art of Vitrification or Glass- not only a multitude of commodious and orna thefor the unsightly orifice or open caseht and warmth from the outward and the cold atmosphere; in the arts of Induration by Heat, from bricks dried in the sun to those which withstand the corrosion of our climate for centuries or resist the intensity of the furnace; in the arts of Illumination, froas-light which gives almost a solar splendor to the nocturnal darkness of our cities; in the arts of Heating and Ventilation, which at once supply warmth for co, from the hollowed trunk of a tree or the roof-shaped cabin, to those cos which betoken the taste and co or Printing, fro, where the transcription of a single book was the labor of months or years, and so-press, which throws off sixty printed sheets in a , from the preparation of the inner bark of a tree, cleft off and dried at immense labor, to machinery from which there jets out an unbroken stream of paper with the velocity and continuousness of a current of water; in the art of Painting, from the use of the crayon, and artificial colors i whole days to present an incomplete picture, to the production, as by enchant, executed in a few seconds; in the art of Telegraphing, frons which ence to any given distance with the velocity of lightning; and, in addition to all these, in the arts of Moulding and Casting, of Designing and Engraving, of Preservingtheue, whose very names and processes would fill volu of all these operations, froant; for the change of an almost infinite variety of crude and worthless materials into useful and beautiful fabrics, _enerations have outstripped their predecessors just in proportion to the superiority of their mental cultivation When we coenerations with each other, the diversity is so great that all must behold it But there is the same kind of difference between conteh the uninstructed ent, yet the mental difference between them places thee_ bears to the _present_ If the ignorantany particular art or branch of business than was generally known during the last century, _he belongs to the last century_, and he ht and knowledge of the present Though they are engaged in the sah they are supplied with the sa as one has only an _arm_, but the other has an arm and a MIND, their products will come out stamped and labeled all over with marks of contrast; inferiority and superiority, both as to quantity and quality, will be legibly written on their respective labors
It is related by travelers aeniously devised instrument or apparatus, they have perfores have purloined fro there was so miracle had been performed; but, as they could not steal _the art of the operator_ with the instrument which he employed, the theft was fruitless Any person who expects to effect with less education what another is enabled to do with e or the si
On a cursory inspection of the great works of art--the stea-press, the power-loom, the mill, the iron foundery, the shi+p, the telescope, etc, etc--we are apt to look upon the into sudden existence, and reached their present state of perfection by one, or, at enius We do not reflect that they have required the lapse of centuries and the successive application of thousands of minds for the attainment of their present excellence; that they have advanced froradations alrowth by which an infant expands to the stature of a man; and that, as later discoverers and inventors had first to go over the ground of their predecessors, so must future discoverers and inventors first e before they will be prepared to make those new achievements which are to carry still further onward the stupendous work of improvement
EDUCATION DIMINISHES PAUPERISM AND CRIME
Education is to be regarded as one of the er in the minds and in the morals of the people the best protection for the institutions of society--DR JAMES PHILLIPS KAY, _assistant Poor-Law Commissioner, and Secretary to the Committee of Council on Education_[43]
The different countries of the world, if arranged according to the state of education in the to WEALTH, MORALS, and GENERAL HAPPINESS; at the same time, THE CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE, AND THE EXTENT OF CRIME AND VIOLENCE AMONG THEM, FOLLOW A LIKE ORDER--NATIONAL EDUCATION, _by Fred Hill, London_