Part 1 (1/2)
The Poetry of Wales.
by John Jenkins.
PREFACE.
The Editor of this little Collection ventures to think it may in some measure supply a want which he has heard mentioned, not only in the Princ.i.p.ality, but in England also. Some of the Editor's English friends--themselves being eminent in literature--have said to him, ”We have often heard that there is much of value in your literature and of beauty in your poetry. Why does not some one of your literati translate them into English, and furnish us with the means of judging for ourselves? We possess translated specimens of the literature, and especially the poetry of almost every other nation and people, and should feel greater interest in reading those of the aborigines of this country, with whom we have so much in common.” It was to gratify this wish that the Editor was induced to give his services in the present undertaking, from which he has received and will receive no pecuniary benefit; and his sole recompense will be the satisfaction of having attempted to extend and perpetuate some of the treasures and beauties of the literature of his native country.
INTRODUCTION.
The literature of a people always reflects their character. You may discover in the prose and poetry of a nation its social condition, and in their different phases its political progress. The age of Homer was the heroic, in which the Greeks excelled in martial exploits; that of Virgil found the Romans an intellectual and gallant race; the genius of Chaucer, Spencer and Sidney revelled in the feudal halls and enchanted vistas of the middle ages; Shakespeare delineated the British mind in its grave and comic moods; Milton reflected the sober aspect and spiritual aspirations of the Puritanical era; while at later periods Pope, Goldsmith and Cowper pourtrayed the softer features of an advanced civilization and milder times.
Following the same rule, the history of Wales is its literature. First came the odes and triads, in which the bards recited the valour, conquests and hospitality of their chieftains, and the gentleness, beauty and virtue of their brides. This was the age of Aneurin, of Taliesin and Llywarch Hen. Next came the period of love and romance, wherein were celebrated the refined courts.h.i.+p and gay bridals of gallant knights and lovely maids. This was the age of Dafydd ap Gwilym, of Hywel ap Einion and Rhys Goch. In later times appeared the moral songs and religious hymns of the Welsh Puritans, wherein was conspicuous above all others William Williams of Pantycelyn, aptly denominated ”The Sweet Psalmist of Wales.”
The Princ.i.p.ality, like every other country, has had and has its orators, its philosophers and historians; and, much as they are prized by its native race, we venture to predict that the productions of none will outlive the language in which their prose is spoken and writ. Not that there is wanting either eloquence or grandeur or force in their orations and essays, depth or originality in their philosophical theories, or truthfulness, research or learning in their historic lore; but that neither the graces of the first, the novelty of the next, or the fidelity of the last will in our opinion justify a translation into more widely spoken tongues, and be read with profit and interest by a people whose libraries are filled with all that is most charming in literature, most profound in philosophy and most new and advanced in science and art.
Our evil prophecy of its prose does not however extend to the poetry of Wales, for like all other branches of the Celtic race, the ancient Britons have cultivated national song and music with a love, skill and devotion which have produced poems and airs well deserving of extensive circulation, long life and lasting fame. The poetic fire has inspired the nation from the most primitive times, for we find that an order of the Druidical priests were bards who composed their metres among aboriginal temples and spreading groves of oak. The bard was an important member of the royal household, for the court was not complete without the Bard President, the Chief of Song, and the Domestic Bard. The laws of Hywel the Good, King or Prince of Wales in the tenth century, enact:--
”If there should be fighting, the bard shall sing 'The Monarchy of Britain' in front of the battle.”
”The Bard President shall sit at the Royal Table.”
”When a bard shall ask a gift of a prince, let him sing one piece; when he asks of a baron, let him sing three pieces.”
”His land shall be free, and he shall have a horse in attendance from the king.”
”The Chief of Song shall begin the singing in the common hall.”
”He shall be next but one to the patron of the family.”
”He shall have a harp from the king, and a gold ring from the queen when his office is secured to him. The harp he shall never part with.”
”When a song is called for, the Bard President should begin; the first song shall be addressed to G.o.d, the next to the king. The Domestic Bard shall sing to the queen and royal household.”
The bard therefore in ancient times performed important functions. In peace he delighted his lord with songs of chivalry, love and friends.h.i.+p.
In war he accompanied his prince to battle, and recited the might and prowess of his leader and the martial virtue of his hosts. No court or hall was complete without the presence of the bard, who enlivened the feast with his minstrelsy and song. We also see that the Welsh bard, like the primitive poets of Greece, and the troubadours of southern France, sang his verses to the harp, whose dulcet strings have always sent forth the national melodies. The chief bards were attached to the courts and castles of their princes and chieftains; but a mult.i.tude of inferior minstrels wandered the country singing to their harps, and were in those primitive times received with open arms and welcome hospitality in the houses of the gentry, and whither soever they went. Even within living memory the English tourist has often met in the lonely dells and among the mountain pa.s.ses of Wales the wayworn minstrel, with harp strung to his shoulders, ever ready to delight the traveller with the bewitching notes of his lyre and song. But the modern bard of Wales is the counterpart of his Scottish brother, of whom Scott wrote:--
”The way was long, the wind was cold, The minstrel was infirm and old; His withered cheeks and tresses gray Seemed to have known a better day; The harp, his sole remaining joy, Was carried by an orphan boy.
No more on prancing palfry borne, He carolled light as lark at morn; No longer courted and caress'd, High placed in hall, a welcome guest, He poured to lord and lady gay The unpremeditated lay.”
Nor will the modern visitor to the castles and halls of the Princ.i.p.ality, not to mention its princ.i.p.al hotels, often miss the dulcet strains of the national lyre.
The song and minstrelsy of Wales have from the earliest period of its history been nurtured by its eisteddfodau. It is ascertained that the Prince Bleddyn ap Kynfyn held an eisteddfod in A.D. 1070, which was attended by the bards and chief literati of the time. This eisteddfod made rules for the better government of the bardic order. This annual a.s.semblage of princes, bards and literati has been regularly held through the intervening centuries to the present time. Within living memory royalty has graced this national gathering of the ancient British race.
The ceremonies attendant upon this national inst.i.tution are well known.
The president or chief, followed by the various grades of the bardic order, walk in procession (_gorymdaith_) to the place appointed, where twelve stones are laid in a circle, with one in the centre, to form a _gorsedd_ or throne. When the whole order is a.s.sembled, the chief of bards ascends the _gorsedd_, and from his laurel and flower-bedecked chair opens the session, by repeating aloud the mottoes of the order, viz.: ”_Y gwir yn erbyn y byd_, _yn ngwyneb haul a llygad goleuni_,” or ”The truth against the world, in the face of the sun and the eye of light,” meaning that the proceedings, judgments and awards of the order are guided by unswerving truth, and conducted in an open forum beneath the eyes of the public. Then follow verses laudatory of the president.