Part 3 (2/2)

[48] Jaramillo, pp. 370, 371. Castaneda, p. 69.

[49] Castaneda, p. 71.

[50] _Coronado's March_, pp. 333-336.

[51] _The Spanish Conquest of New Mexico_, cap. xxiv. p. 185, note I; cap. xxv. p. 198, note I; also p. 199. I attach particular importance to the opinions of Mr. Davis. He visited New Mexico at a time when it was still ”undeveloped,” and his writings on the country show thorough knowledge, and much doc.u.mentary information. It is to be regretted that he fails absolutely to mention his sources in any satisfactory manner, a defect which might deprive his valuable book of much of its unquestionable reliability and importance. The attentive student, however, finds, after going seriously through the ma.s.s of material still on hand, that Mr. Davis has been so painstaking and honest, that he is very much inclined to forgive the lack of citations.

[52] From Bernalillo or Sandia, the easiest way, and the one which Alvarado, by Coronado's order, must certainly have taken, is south of Galisteo. This would have led him to Pecos, either by the Canon de San Cristobal or, as I presume, to the lower valley, and thence up the river to the Pueblo. Castaneda (ii. cap. v. p. 176) speaks of abandoned villages along the route. There is a ruin at the place called ”Pueblo,”

one at San Jose, and another at Kingman; all along the line of the ”Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad.” I presume, therefore, that he took this route. At all events, he went _south_ of the Tanos, else he would have struck the villages called later San Lazaro and San Cristobal, both then occupied.

[53] The belief has been expressed to me at Santa Fe, by authority which I have learned to respect, that on the site of the present city there stood the old town of Tiguex. This belief has been strengthened by the popular tale, that the old adobe house, of two low stories, adjoining the ancient chapel of San Miguel, was an ancient Indian home. Personal inspection has, however, satisfied me of the fact that this building, while certainly very old, is certainly not one of an Indian ”pueblo.” It forms a rectangle: _Met._ 20.71' from east to west, and 4.80' from north to south. Its front has five doors, and the upper story as many windows.

It is entirely of adobe, and may indeed have been an Indian house, but built after their old plan, when Santa Fe had already been founded.

There is no notice of any pueblo on this site. Besides, doc.u.mentary evidence regarding the establishment of Santa Fe absolutely ignores the existence of any Indian settlement at that place in 1598. Juan de Onate, _Discurso de las Jornadas que hizo el Capitan de Su Magestad desde la Nueva-Espana a la Provincia de la Nuevo-Mexico_, in _Coleccion de Doc.u.mentos del Archivo de Indias_, vol. xvi. pp. 263-266. _Obediencia y Vasallaje a Su Magestad por los Indios de San Joan Baptista._ Id., Sept 9, 1598, pp. 115, 116: ”Al Padre Fray Cristobal de Salazar, la Provincia de los Tepuas (_Tehuas_) con los pueblos de Triape, Triaque el de Sant Yldefonso y Santa Clara, y este pueblo de Sant Joan Batista y el de Sant Gabriele el de Troomaxiaquino, Xiomato, Axol, Comitria, Quiotraco, y mas, la Cibdad de Sant Francisco de los Espanoles, que al presente se Edifican.”

[54] _Obediencia y Vasallaje a Su Magestad por los Indios de Santo-Domingo._ Id., p. 102. July 7, 1598. _Obediencia, etc., de S. Joan Baptista_, pp. 112, 115, ”los Chiguas o Tiguas.”

[55] _Apuntamientos que sobre el Terreno hizo el Padre Jose Amando Niel, Doc.u.mentos para la Historia de Mexico_, 3a serie, vol. i. pp. 98, 99: ”Estan pobladas junto a la sierra de Puruai que toma el nombre del princ.i.p.al pueblo que se llama asi, y orilla del gran rio.” There were then three pueblos: San-Pedro, ”rio abajo de Puruai;” Santiago, ”rio arriba.” Puaray was destroyed and in ruins in 1711. It was here that Father Augustin Ruiz was killed in 1581. Fray Geronimo de Zarate Salmeron, _Relacion_, etc., p. 10. Fray Agustin de Vetancurt, _Menologio Franciscano_, pp. 412, 413. Jean Blaeu, _Douzieme livre de la Geographie Blaviane_, Amsterdam, 1667, p. 62, calls the Tiguas ”Tebas,” and says they had ”quinze bourgades.” Vetancurt, _Menologio_, but princ.i.p.ally _Cronica de la provincia del Santo Evangelio de Mexico_, gives the Tiguas, before 1680, the following stations and pueblos: Isleta, Alameda, Puray, and Sandia, pp. 310-313.

[56] _Relacion_, etc., p. 10.

[57] A. S. Gatschet, _Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Sudwesten Nord-Amerika's_, Weimar, 1876, p. 41.

[58] Castaneda, i. cap. xix. p. 116.

[59] Simpson, _Coronado's March_, pp. 336.

[60] Castaneda, i. cap. xiii. p. 76.

[61] _Spanish Conquest_, cap. xxiii. p. 180, note 5, p. 181, note 6.

[62] Castaneda, p. 76.

[63] Isleta is probably a modern _pueblo_, that is one erected since 1598 and previous to 1680, and I shall treat it as such till I am better informed. The description by Vetancurt (”_Cronica_,” etc., trat. iii.

cap. v. pp. 310 and 311, as in the year 1680) is characteristic: ”Formase un rio de la nieve que se derrite, que con el rio Norte cercan un campo de cinco leguas ... Es el paso para las provincias de Acoma, Zunias, Moqui ...” In a straight line, the distance from Bernalillo is about twenty-five miles.

[64] p. 76. ”Le general remonta ensuite la riviere, et visita toute la province jusqu'a ce qu'il fut arrive a Tiguex.”

[65] p. 76. ”Ils apprirent qu'en descendant la riviere ils trouveraient encore d'autres villages.”

[66] Castaneda, ii. cap. iv. p. 168.

[67] Cap. vi. p. 182, part ii. In looking at the map, it will be seen that Bernalillo is, indeed, a central point. Along the Rio Grande it is almost at equal distances from Taos at the north, and Socorro at the south, whereas it is little further (in an east-westerly line) from Bernalillo to Zuni, than from Bernalillo to the plains. The accuracy of Castaneda becomes more and more wonderful, the closer his narrative is studied and compared with the country itself. His distance exceeds the bee-line regularly almost by one-third; a very natural fact, since he computes the lengths from the routes taken.

[68] These facts are taken from the following pa.s.sages of Castaneda: i.

cap. xviii., ii. cap. vi., Queres; i. cap. xxii, ii. cap. vi., Hemes and Aguas Calientes; ii. cap. iv., Acha; i. cap. xxii., ii. cap. vi., Braba; i. cap. xviii., Cia; ii. cap. v., Ximera; and i. cap. xxii., ii. cap.

vi., Yuque-Yunque, perhaps Cuyamunque.

[69] Santo Domingo, Cochiti, San Felipe, Santa-Ana, and Cia are the Queres pueblos near the Rio Grande still remaining. They all then existed in 1598. _Obediencia, etc., a S. Joan Baptista_, p. 113.

[70] The Jemez or Emmes, in 1598, contained nine ”pueblos,” or rather places of habitation. _Obediencia, etc., de Santo Domingo_, p. 102.

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