Part 16 (2/2)
regenerated, _recreated_, according to the law expressed in the supreme formula: ”Verily, I say unto you, Except a man be born again he can in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven”--at the feet of his Father and his G.o.d.
THE ACADEMY OF FRANCE AT ROME
At a juncture like the present, when, under the mask of so-called _naturalism_ in Art, an effort is being made to cast disfavour upon that n.o.ble and beneficent inst.i.tution, the Academy of France in Rome, it appears to me a duty to enter a protest against the destructive tendencies, which, could they aspire to the dignity of being called doctrines, would end in nothing short of the utter obliteration of the Fine Arts, in their highest sense, and which, moreover, have no foundation save in the very emptiest and most frivolous of arguments.
The advocates of what _they_ denominate ”Modern Art” (as if Art did not belong to all times) make an unconditional attack on the ecole de Rome; and their ultimatum is that the Villa Medicis, being a hotbed of artistic infection, must be forthwith done away with. This const.i.tutes the ”delenda Carthago” of the Anti-Roman party.
I shall not here undertake to plead _ex professo_ in favour of the painters, sculptors, architects, and engravers whom the State sends year by year to Rome, thus ensuring them, in return for the hopes their talent has excited, constant and a.s.siduous communion with the immortal teachers of the past, known as ”the Masters.” Myself a musician, I will confine myself to the points affecting the interests of musical composers, the more so as in their case especially a residence in Rome is looked on as being utterly useless and meaningless. But, seeing the cause of one art is the cause of Art in general, anything I may say about musicians will naturally apply to all other artists.
The first thing that strikes me is the fact that this bitterness against the Roman school is the mere outcome of a desire, more or less frankly expressed, which sums up in itself the whole of the opposition programme. ”Down with the teachers! Let us use our own wings!” There is no doubt this is what is meant by ”Modern Art.”
No more education, then; no more acquired and transmissible ideas. That means no capital, and therefore no more patrimony nor inheritance. No past, therefore, no more traditions, no more intellectual paternity. In other words, the reign of spontaneous generation. For there is nothing between the two. We must have either teaching or intuitive knowledge.
And note well that those who hug this system are the very men who are always talking about ”the School of the Future.” By what right, I ask, do they invoke the Future, when within a few days they must have become in its eyes that very Past they will have none of? A wonderfully absurd self-contradiction, this ”kingdom divided against itself!” Show me any single method of employing human faculties which rests on such a theory!
Law? Physical science? Chemistry? Astronomy? Mechanics? Is not man primarily an _educated_ being? Does not his whole existence depend on an ama.s.sed capital of knowledge? Is he not taught to read, and write, and ride, and walk, and use weapons, and play on various instruments? Has not each department its own special form of gymnastics? And what is a school, after all, but a gymnasium?
Well, you say, let us grant all that, as far as science is concerned, and handicraft. But how about genius? No one can learn to be a genius.
You either have that gift or have it not, and it can no more be bestowed on him who has it not than it can be taken from him who has it.
That is a true and uncontested fact. But it is no less true that, as a great artist,[20] well qualified to speak, once said, ”Art without science does not exist.”
Genius, indeed, is incommunicable, for it is an essentially personal _gift_. But that which is communicable and transmissible is the language whereby genius is formulated and expressed, and failing which it must e'en remain dumb and impotent. Were not Raphael, Mozart, Beethoven, all men of genius? Did they conceive that fact authorised their scornful rejection of the traditional masters, who not only initiated them into the _practice_ of their art, but also pointed them the surest _road_ to follow, thus saving the immense waste of time involved in seeking a certainty already a.s.sured to them by the experience of past centuries?
This claim to upset historical truths by dint of sheer sophistry is a downright mockery of common-sense. It amounts to a.s.serting that no orator nor author need learn his language nor study his syntax and his dictionary. Theophile Gautier was right when he said, ”If I write better than other people, it is because I have _learnt my business_, and I have a greater number of words at my command.”
But, say the objectors, there are numbers of eminent artists who never studied at Rome at all.
This is perfectly true, and I hasten to add a fact, on which the opposition has no particular reason to plume itself so very proudly--that it by no means necessarily follows that a student at the ecole de Rome should emerge from it a very superior artist. But what does this prove? That Rome cannot perform a miracle and bestow what Nature has withheld. This is clear as daylight. It really would be too much to expect genius to be obtained at the price of a journey which anybody is free to make. But that is not the question at all. The question really is, whether, granted the possession of an artistic organisation, the influence Rome exercises thereon is not incontestable and unrivalled, in the matter of intellectual elevation and artistic development.
This view leads me to consider the utility of a residence in Rome as regards musical composers.
We will admit, the opposition say, that painters, sculptors, architects, and engravers should be sent to Italy. They will there find a considerable number of masterpieces, deeply interesting at all events, in connection with the different arts they practise. But what is a musician to do at Rome? What music is he to listen to? What _artistic_ benefit can he gain there?
The fact is, that the people who make such objections must have given very little thought to the subject of what an artist is. Do they really believe he is given over utterly to _technique_, as though mechanical proficiency const.i.tuted his whole art? As if a man might not be a clever mechanical performer and yet a commonplace artist; a consummate rhetorician, and a poor writer, or a cold speaker!
What! are eloquence and virtuosity one and the same thing? Is there no difference betwixt the man and the instrument he uses? Have men forgotten that the _artisan_ is but part of the _artist_, that is, the _man_--that it is the _man_ who must be touched, enlightened, carried away, nay, transfigured, so that he shall be lost in pa.s.sionate adoration of that immortal beauty which ensures not momentary success alone, but the never-ending empire of those masterpieces which have been the light and guide of human art from the ancients down through the Renaissance to our own time, and will endure after it, and for ever!
Is this a real or merely a feigned ignorance of those immutable laws of nutrition and a.s.similation which govern the growth and perfect development of every organism? If music is the only thing necessary to the development and maturity of a musician's talent, I would not only ask why he should be sent to Rome, since there is no object in his gazing on the frescoes of Raphael and Michael Angelo on the Vatican hill, the home of all the oracles? I would fain know why he should read Homer, Virgil, Tacitus, Juvenal, Dante and Shakespeare, Moliere and La Fontaine, Bossuet and Pascal--all, in a word, of the great nurturers of formulated human thought? What is the use? Literature is not music....
No! in good truth. But it is Art, which is ancient and modern too. Art, universal and eternal. And in Art the artist (not the artisan) must find his food, his health, his power, his very life. After all, what is this so-called _naturalism_ in Art? I confess I should be glad to be informed as to the sense attached to the word by those who seem inclined to make it the banner of a grievance, and the symbol of a claim to a right denied by despotic routine. Does it mean that Nature should be the foundation and starting point in all art? In that sense all the Masters are agreed. But Art cannot stop there, and Raphael, whom I suppose I may take to have known Nature well, gives us the following definition, as admirable as it is perhaps over-spontaneous: ”Art does not consist in representing things as Nature _made_ them, but as she _should_ have made them!” Sublime words, telling us clearly that Art is above all a preference, a true _selection_, and thus presupposing a training of the artist's understanding to a special standard of appreciation.
If Nature is everything, and education counts for nothing--if the common herd knows as much as the Masters, then how comes it that time so constantly reverses those ephemeral judgments which have so often showered transports of applause on works soon to be forgotten, or looked askance on masterpieces which have since been hailed with admiration by the infallible verdict of posterity?
I freely admit that the general public may be competent to judge a _play_--and even this may be contested when one remembers what an immense number of works held our fathers spell-bound, and leave us cold and indifferent. But even allowing for these ups and downs of popularity, it cannot be said that Art resides in the drama only. There is not the faintest a.n.a.logy between the violent shock caused by some striking theatrical situation and the calm and n.o.ble delight to be derived from an exquisite and perfect work of art. n.o.body could think of comparing the feelings produced by a melodrama to the emotion roused by a contemplation of the Frieze of the Parthenon, or the ”Dispute du St Sacrement.” A whole abyss lies betwixt the domain of mere sensation and that of intellectual feeling.
And what shall I say concerning the incalculable benefits to be found in the quietness and security of such a retreat, far from the feverish roar and constant anxiety of daily life? What of the silence, which teaches a man to listen to what is pa.s.sing within his own soul? What of the deep solitudes, the distant horizons whose majestic lines seem never to lose their magic power of raising the mind to the level of the great deeds they saw performed? What of the Tiber, with its stern waters, eloquent of the crimes they have engulphed, and the calm of that Roman Campagna through which they roll?
And Rome herself--alone--the triple city, on whose head the centuries have set the proud tiara which her Supreme Pontiff wears--shedding the undying light of Truth, the immortal, over all the earth! What a standpoint! What a n.o.ble diapason we have here! What surroundings for the man who knows what meditation means!
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