Part 3 (1/2)

=32. Black Pine= (_Pinus murryana_) (Lodge-pole Pine, Tamarack).

Small-sized tree. Rocky Mountains and Pacific regions.

=33. Jersey Pine= (_Pinus inops_ var. _Virginiana_) (Scrub Pine).

Small-sized tree. Along the coast from New York to Georgia and along the mountains to Kentucky.

=34. Gray Pine= (_Pinus divaricata_ var. _banksiana_) (Scrub Pine, Jack Pine). Medium- to large-sized tree. Heartwood pale brown, rarely yellow; sapwood nearly white. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained. Used for fuel, railway ties, and fence posts. In days gone by the Indians preferred this species for frames of canoes.

Maine, Vermont, and Michigan to Minnesota.

REDWOOD (See Cedar)

SPRUCE

Resembles soft pine, is light, very soft, stiff, moderately strong, less resinous than pine; has no distinct heartwood, and is of whitish color. Used like soft pine, but also employed as resonance wood in musical instruments and preferred for paper pulp. Spruces, like pines, form extensive forests. They are more frugal, thrive on thinner soils, and bear more shade, but usually require a more humid climate. ”Black”

and ”White” spruce as applied by lumbermen usually refer to narrow and wide-ringed forms of black spruce (_Picea nigra_).

=35. Black Spruce= (_Picea nigra_ var. _mariana_). Medium-sized tree, forms extensive forests in northwestern United States and in British America; occurs scattered or in groves, especially in low lands throughout the northern pineries. Important lumber tree in eastern United States. Heartwood pale, often with reddish tinge; sapwood pure white. Wood light, soft, not strong. Chiefly used for manufacture of paper pulp, and great quant.i.ties of this as well as _Picea alba_ are used for this purpose. Used also for sounding boards for pianos, violins, etc. Maine to Minnesota, British America, and in the Alleghanies to North Carolina.

=36. White Spruce= (_Picea canadensis_ var. _alba_). Medium- to large-sized tree. Heartwood light yellow; sapwood nearly white.

Generally a.s.sociated with the preceding. Most abundant along streams and lakes, grows largest in Montana and forms the most important tree of the sub-arctic forest of British America. Used largely for floors, joists, doors, sashes, mouldings, and panel work, rapidly superceding _Pinus strobus_ for building purposes. It is very similar to Norway pine, excels it in toughness, is rather less durable and dense, and more liable to warp in seasoning. Northern United States from Maine to Minnesota, also from Montana to Pacific, British America.

=37. White Spruce= (_Picea engelmanni_). Medium- to large-sized tree, forming extensive forests at elevations from 5,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level; resembles the preceding, but occupies a different station. A very important timber tree in the central and southern parts of the Rocky Mountains. Rocky Mountains from Mexico to Montana.

=38. Tide-Land Spruce= (_Picea sitchensis_) (Sitka Spruce). A large-sized tree, forming an extensive coast-belt forest. Used extensively for all cla.s.ses of cooperage and woodenware on the Pacific Coast. Along the sea-coast from Alaska to central California.

=39. Red Spruce= (_Picea rubens_). Medium-sized tree, generally a.s.sociated with _Picea nigra_ and occurs scattered throughout the northern pineries. Heartwood reddish; sapwood lighter color, straight-grained, compact structure. Wood light, soft, not strong, elastic, resonant, not durable when exposed. Used for flooring, carpentry, s.h.i.+pbuilding, piles, posts, railway ties, paddles, oars, sounding boards, paper pulp, and musical instruments. Montana to Pacific, British America.

b.a.s.t.a.r.d SPRUCE

Spruce or fir in name, but resembling hard pine or larch in appearance, quality and uses of its wood.

=40. Douglas Spruce= (_Pseudotsuga douglasii_) (Yellow Fir, Red Fir, Oregon Pine). One of the most important trees of the western United States; grows very large in the Pacific States, to fair size in all parts of the mountains, in Colorado up to about 10,000 feet above sea level; forms extensive forests, often of pure growth, it is really neither a pine nor a fir. Wood very variable, usually coa.r.s.e-grained and heavy, with very p.r.o.nounced summer-wood. Hard and strong (”red”

fir), but often fine-grained and light (”yellow” fir). It is the chief tree of Was.h.i.+ngton and Oregon, and most abundant and most valuable in British Columbia, where it attains its greatest size. From the plains to the Pacific Ocean, and from Mexico to British Columbia.

=41. Red Fir= (_Pseudotsuga taxifolia_) (Oregon Pine, Puget Sound Pine, Yellow Fir, Douglas Spruce, Red Pine). Heartwood light red or yellow in color, sapwood narrow, nearly white, comparatively free from resins, variable annual rings. Wood usually hard, strong, difficult to work, durable, splinters easily. Used for heavy construction, dimension timber, railway ties, doors, blinds, interior finish, piles, etc. One of the most important of Western trees. From the plains to the Pacific Ocean, and from Mexico to British America.

TAMARACK (See Larch)

YEW

Wood heavy, hard, extremely stiff and strong, of fine texture with a pale yellow sapwood, and an orange-red heartwood; seasons well and is quite durable. Extensively used for archery bows, turner's ware, etc.

The yews form no forests, but occur scattered with other conifers.

=42. Yew= (_Taxus brevifolia_). A small to medium-sized tree of the Pacific region.