Part 7 (2/2)
[+]The ”healing sleep” employed at these temples is described, in a kind of blasphemous parody, in Aristophanes's ”Plutus.” (Significant pa.s.sages are quoted in Davis's ”Readings in Ancient History,” vol.
I, pp. 258-261.)
[$]Somewhat as in the various Catholic pilgrimage shrines (e.g.
Lourdes) to-day.
These visits to the healing temples are, however, expensive: not everybody has entire faith in them; for many lesser ills also they are wholly unnecessary. Let us look, then, at the regular physicians.
65. An Athenian Physician's Office.--There are salaried public medical officers in Athens, and something like a public dispensary where free treatment is given citizens in simple cases; but the average man seems to prefer his own doctor.[*] We may enter the office of Menon, a ”regular private pract.i.tioner,” and look about us. The office itself is a mere open shop in the front of a house near the Agora; and, like a barber's shop is something of a general lounging place. In the rear one or two young disciples (doctors in embryo) and a couple of slaves are pounding up drugs in mortars.
There are numbers of bags of dried herbs and little gla.s.s flasks hanging on the walls. Near the entrance is a statue of Asclepius the Healer, and also of the great human founder of the real medical science among the Greeks--Hippocrates.
[*]We know comparatively little of these public physicians; probably they were mainly concerned with the health of the army and naval force, the prevention of epidemics, etc.
Menon himself is just preparing to go out on his professional calls. He is a handsome man in the prime of his life, and takes great pains with his personal appearance. His himation is carefully draped. His finger rings have excellent cameos. His beard has been neatly trimmed, and he has just bathed and scented himself with delicate a.s.syrian nard. He will gladly tell you that he is in no wise a fop, but that it is absolutely necessary to produce a pleasant personal impression upon his fastidious, irritable patients. Menon himself claims to have been a personal pupil of the great Hippocrates,[*] and about every other reputable Greek physician will make the same claim. He has studied more or less in a temple of Asclepius, and perhaps has been a member of the medical staff thereto attached. He has also become a member of the Hippocratic brotherhood, a semi-secret organization, a.s.sociated with the Asclepius cult, and cheerfully cheris.h.i.+ng the dignity of the profession and the secret arts of the guild.
[*]Who was still alive, an extremely old man. He died in Thessaly in 357 B.C., at an alleged age of 104 years.
66. The Physician's Oath.--The oath which all this brotherhood has sworn is n.o.ble and notable. Here are some of the main provisions:--
”I swear by Apollo the Physician, and Asclepius and Hygeia; a [Lady Health] and Panaceia [Lady All-Cure] to honor as my parents the master who taught me this art, and to admit to my own instruction only his sons, my own sons, and those who have been duly inscribed as pupils, and who have taken the medical oath, and no others. I will prescribe such treatment as may be for the benefit of my patients, according to my best power and judgment, and preserve them from anything hurtful or mischievous. I will never, even if asked, administer poison, nor advise its use. I will never give a criminal draught to a woman. I will maintain the purity and integrity of my art. Wherever I go, I will abstain from all mischief or corruption, or any immodest action. If ever I hear any secret I will not divulge it. If I keep this oath, may the G.o.ds give me success in life and in my art. If I break this oath, may all the reverse fall upon me.”[*]
[*]For the unabridged translation of this oath, see Smith's ”Dictionary of Antiquities” (revised edition), vol. II, p. 154.
67. The Skill of Greek Physicians.--Menon's skill as a physician and surgeon is considerable. True, he has only a very insufficient conception of anatomy. His THEORETICAL knowledge is warped, but he is a shrewd judge of human nature and his PRACTICAL knowledge is not contemptible. In his private pharmacy his a.s.sistants have compounded a great quant.i.ty of drugs which he knows how to administer with much discernment. He has had considerable experience in dealing with wounds and sprains, such as are common in the wars or in the athletic games. He understands that Dame Nature is a great healer, who is to be a.s.sisted rather than coerced; and he dislikes resorting to violent remedies, such as bleedings and strong emetics. Ordinary fevers and the like he can attack with success. He has no modern anaesthetics or opium, but has a very insufficient subst.i.tute in mandragora. He can treat simple diseases of the eye; and he knows how to put gold filling into teeth. His surgical instruments, however, are altogether too primitive. He is personally cleanly; but he has not the least idea of antiseptics; the result is that obscure internal diseases, calling for grave operations, are likely to baffle him. He will refuse to operate, or if he does operate the chances are against the patient.[*] In other words, his medical skill is far in advance of his surgery.
[*]Seemingly a really serious operation was usually turned over by the local physician to a traveling surgeon, who could promptly disappear from the neighborhood if things went badly.
Menon naturally busies himself among the best families of Athens, and commands a very good income. He counts it part of his equipment to be able to persuade his patients, by all the rules of logic and rhetoric, to submit to disagreeable treatment; and for that end has taken lessons in informal oratory from Isocrates or one of his a.s.sociates. Some of Menon's compet.i.tors (feeling themselves less eloquent) have actually a paid rhetorician whom they can take to the bedside of a stubborn invalid, to induce him by irrefutable arguments to endure an amputation.[*]
[*]Plato tells how Gorgias, the famous rhetorician, was sometimes thus hired. A truly Greek artifice--this subst.i.tution of oratory for chloroform!
No such honor of course is paid to the intellects of the poorer fry, who swarm in at Menon's surgery. Those who cannot pay to have him bandage them himself, perforce put up with the secondary skill and wisdom of the ”disciples.” The drug-mixing slaves are expected to salve and physic the patients of their own cla.s.s; but there seems to be a law against allowing them to attempt the treatment of free-born men.
68. Quacks and Charlatans.--Unluckily not everybody is wise enough to put up with the presumably honest efforts of Menon's underlings.
There appears to be no law against anybody who wishes to pose as a physician, and to sell his inexperience and his quack nostrums.
Vendors of every sort of cure-all abound, as well as creatures who work on the superst.i.tions and pretend to cure by charms and hocus-pocus.
In the market there is such a swarm of these charlatans of healing that they bring the whole medical profession into contempt. Certain people go so far as to distrust the efficacy of any part of the lore of Asclepius. Says one poet tartly:--
The surgeon Menedemos, as men say, Touched as he pa.s.sed a Zeus of marble white; Neither the marble nor his Zeus-s.h.i.+p might Avail the G.o.d--they buried him to-day.
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