Part 395 (2/2)
SCHULZE-DELITZSCH, HERMANN, founder of the system of ”people's savings-banks,” born at Delitzsch, and trained to the law; he settled in his native town and give himself to social reform, sat in the National a.s.sembly in Berlin on the Progressionist side, but opposed Lasalle's socialistic programme; his project of ”people's savings-banks” was started in 1850, and immediately took root, spreading over the country and into Austria, Italy, Belgium, etc. (1808-1883).
SCHUMANN, ROBERT, an eminent German composer and musical critic, born at Zwickau, in Saxony; law, philosophy, and travel occupied his early youth, but in 1831 he was allowed to follow his bent for music, and settled to study it at Leipzig; two years later started a musical paper, which for more than 10 years was the vehicle of essays in musical criticism; during these years appeared also his greatest pianoforte works, songs, symphonies, and varied chamber music; ”Paradise and the Part” and scenes from ”Faust” appeared in 1843; symptoms of cerebral disease which in the end proved fatal, began to manifest themselves, and he withdrew to a quieter life at Dresden, where much of his operatic and other music was written; during 1850-54 he acted as musical director at Dusseldorf, but insanity at length supervened, and after attempting suicide in the Rhine he was placed in an asylum, where he died two years later; his work is full of the fresh colour and variety of Romanticism, his songs being especially beautiful (1810-1856).
SCHuRER, EMIL, biblical scholar, born at Augsburg, professor of Theology at Kiel, author of ”History of the Jewish People”; _b_. 1844.
SCHUYLER, PHILIP JOHN, leader in the American War of Independence, born at Albany, of Dutch descent; served in arms under Was.h.i.+ngton, and health failing for action, became one of Was.h.i.+ngton's most sagacious advisers (1733-1804).
SCHUYLKILL, a river of Pennsylvania, rises on the N. side of the Blue Mountains and flows SE. 130 m. to its junction with the Delaware River at Philadelphia; is an important waterway for the coal-mining industry of Pennsylvania.
SCHWANN, THEODOR, German physiologist, born at Neuss; made several discoveries in physiology, and established the cell theory (1810-1882).
SCHWANTHALER, LUDWIG, German sculptor, born at Munich, of an old family of sculptors; studied at Rome; has adorned his native city with his works both in bas-reliefs and statues, at once in single figures and in groups; did frescoes and cartoons also (1802-1848).
SCHWaRMEREI (lit. going off in swarms, as bees under their queen), name given to a more or less insane enthusiasm with which a ma.s.s of men is affected.
SCHWARZ, BERTHOLD, an alchemist of the 13th century, born at Fribourg, a monk of the order of Cordeliers; is credited with the discovery of gunpowder when making experiments with nitre.
SCHWARZ, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, German missionary in India, born in Brandenburg; laboured 16 years at Trichinopoly, gained the friends.h.i.+p of the Rajah of Tanjore, and settled there in 1778; succeeded also in winning the favour of Hyder Ali of Mysore, and proved himself to be in all senses a minister of the gospel of peace (1726-1798).
SCHWARZBURG, HOUSE OF, one of the oldest n.o.ble families of Germany; first comes into authentic history in the 12th century with Count Sizzo IV. (the first to take the t.i.tle of Schwarzburg), and in the 16th century divides into the two existing branches, the Schwarzburg-Sondershausen and Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt--which give their names to two sovereign princ.i.p.alities of Central Germany wedged in between Prussia and the lesser Saxon States, the latter embracing part of the Thuringian Forest; both are prosperous agricultural and mining regions.
SCHWARZENBURG, KARL PHILIP, PRINCE VON, Austrian general, born at Vienna, of a n.o.ble family there; entered the army and distinguished himself in the wars against the Turks, the French Republic, and Napoleon; fought at Austerlitz and Wagram, negotiated the marriage of Napoleon with Maria Louisa, commanded the Austrian contingent sent to aid France in 1812, but joined the allies against Napoleon at Dresden and Leipzig, and captured Paris in 1814 at the head of the army of the Rhine (1771-1820).
SCHWARZWALD, the Black Forest in Germany.
SCHWEGLER, ALBERT, theologian, born at Wurtemberg; treated first on theological subjects, then on philosophical; is best known among us by his ”History of Philosophy,” translated into English by Dr. Hutcheson Stirling, ”written, so to speak, at a single stroke of the pen, as, in the first instance, an article for an encyclopaedia,” ... the author being ”a remarkably ripe, full man” (1819-1857).
SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST, German traveller in Africa, born at Riga; wrote ”The Heart of Africa,” which gives an account of his travels among the mid-African tribes; _b_. 1836.
SCHWENCKFELD, CASPAR VON, a Protestant sectary, born in Lower Silesia, of a n.o.ble family; as a student of the Scriptures embraced the Reformation, but differed from Luther on the matter of the dependence of the divine life on external ordinances, insisting, as George Fox afterwards did, on its derivation from within; like Fox he travelled from place to place proclaiming this, and winning not a few disciples, and exposed himself to much persecution at the hands of men of whom better things were to be expected, but he bore it all with a Christ-like meekness; died at Ulm; his writings were treated with the same indignity as himself, and his followers were after his death driven from one place of refuge to another, till the last remnant of them found shelter under the friendly wing of COUNT ZINZENDORF (q. v.) (1490-1561).
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