Part 107 (1/2)
CARAGLIO, an eminent Italian engraver, born at Verona, engraved on gems and medals as well as copper-plate, after the works of the great masters (1500-1570).
CARAVAGGIO, an Italian painter, disdained the ideal and the ideal style of art, and kept generally to cra.s.s reality, often in its grossest forms; a man of a violent temper, which hastened his end; a painting by him of ”Christ and the Disciples at Emmaus” is in the National Gallery, London (1569-1609).
CARAVANSERAI, a large unfurnished inn, with a court in the middle for the accommodation of caravans and other travellers at night in the East.
CARBOHYDRATES, a cla.s.s of substances such as the sugars, starch, &c., consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the latter in the proportion in which they exist in water.
CARBONARI (lit. _charcoal burners_), a secret society that, in the beginning of the 19th century, originated in Italy and extended itself into France, numbering hundreds of thousands, included Lord Byron, Silvio Pellico, and Mazzini among them, the object of which was the overthrow of despotic governments; they were broken up by Austria, and absorbed by the Young Italy party.
CARDAN, JEROME, Italian physician and mathematician, born at Pavia; was far-famed as a physician; studied and wrote on all manner of known subjects, made discoveries in algebra, believed in astrology, left a candid account of himself ent.i.tled ”De Vita Propria”; was the author of ”Cardan's Formula” a formula for the solution of cubic equations; he is said to have starved himself to death so as to fulfil a prophecy he had made as to the term of his life (1501-1576).
CARDIFF (129), county town of Glamorgans.h.i.+re, S. Wales, on the river Taff, the sea outlet for the mineral wealth and products of the district, a town that has risen more rapidly than any other in the kingdom, having had at the beginning of the century only 2000 inhabitants; it has a university, a number of churches, few of them belonging to the Church of England, and has also three daily papers.
CARDIGAN, EARL OF, a British officer; commanded the Light Cavalry Brigade in the Crimean war, and distinguished himself in the famous charge of the Six Hundred, which he led; his favourite regiment, the 11th Hussars, on the equipment of which he lavished large sums of money (1797-1868).
CARDIGANs.h.i.+RE (62), a county in S. Wales, low-lying on the coast, level towards the coast, and mountainous in the interior, but with fertile valleys.
CARDINAL VIRTUES, these have been ”arranged by the wisest men of all time, under four general heads,” and are defined by Ruskin as ”Prudence or Discretion (the spirit which discerns and adopts rightly), Justice (the spirit which rules and divides rightly), Fort.i.tude (the spirit that persists and endures rightly), and Temperance (the spirit which stops and refuses rightly). These cardinal and sentinel virtues,” he adds, ”are not only the means of protecting and prolonging life itself, but are the chief guards or sources of the material means of life, and the governing powers and princes of economy.”
CARDINALISTS, name given to the partisans in France of Richelieu and Mazarin.
CARDUCCI, Florentine artists, brothers, of the 17th century; did their chief work in Spain.
CARDUCCI, GIOSUE, an Italian poet and critic; author of ”Hymn to Satan,” ”Odi Barbari,” ”Commentaries on Petrarch,” &c.; _b_. 1837.
CAREW, THOMAS, English courtier poet; his poems, chiefly masks and lyrics (1589-1639).
CAREY, HENRY, English poet and musician, excelled in ballads; composed ”Sally in Our Alley”; _d_. 1743.
CAREY, SIR ROBERT, warden of the Border Marches under Elizabeth; present at her deathbed rode off post-haste on the occurrence of the death with the news to Edinburgh to announce it to King James (1560-1639).
CAREY, WILLIAM, celebrated Baptist missionary, born in Northamptons.h.i.+re; founder of the Baptist Missionary Society, and its first missionary; founded the mission at Serampore and directed its operations, distributing Bibles and tracts by thousands in native languages, as well as preparing grammars and dictionaries; was 29 years Oriental professor in the College of Fort William. Calcutta (1761-1834).
CARGILL, DONALD, a Scotch Covenanter, born in Perths.h.i.+re; was minister of the Barony Parish, Glasgow; fought at Bothwell Brig; suffered at the Cross of Edinburgh for daring to excommunicate the king; died with the faith and courage of a martyr (1619-1681).