Part 38 (1/2)

ARTEMI'SIA, queen of Halicarna.s.sus, joined Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, and fought with valour at Salamis, 440 B.C. A. II., also queen, raised a tomb over the grave of her husband Mausolus, regarded as one of the seven wonders of the world, 355 B.C.

ARTEMI'SIUM, a promontory N. of Euboea, near which Xerxes lost part of his fleet, 480 B.C.

ARTEMUS WARD. See C. F. BROWNE.

ARTESIAN WELLS, wells made by boring for water where it is lower than its source, so as to obtain a constant supply of it.

AR'TEVELDE, JACOB VAN, a wealthy brewer of Ghent, chosen chief in a revolt against Count Louis of Flanders, expelled him, made a treaty with Edward III. as lord-superior of Flanders, was ma.s.sacred in a popular tumult (1300-1345).

ARTEVELDE, PHILIP VAN, son of the preceding, defeated Louis II. and became king; but with the help of France Louis retaliated and defeated the Flemings, and slew him in 1382.

ARTFUL DODGER, a young thief, an expert in the profession in d.i.c.kens' ”Oliver Twist.”

AR'THUR, a British prince of wide-spread fame, who is supposed to have lived at the time of the Saxon invasion in the 6th century, whose exploits and those of his court have given birth to the tradition of the Round Table, to the rendering of which Tennyson devoted so much of his genius.

ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN, twenty-first president of the United States, a lawyer by profession, and a prominent member of the Republican party (1830-1886).

ARTHUR, PRINCE, DUKE OF BRITTANY, heir to the throne of England by the death of his uncle Richard I.; supplanted by King John.

ARTHUR SEAT, a lion-shaped hill 822 ft., close to Edinburgh on the E., from the top of which the prospect is unrivalled; ”the blue, majestic, everlasting ocean, with the Fife hills swelling gradually into the Grampians behind it on the N.; rough crags and rude precipices at our feet ('where not a hillock rears its head unsung'), with Edinburgh at their base, cl.u.s.tering proudly over her rugged foundations, and covering with a vapoury mantle the jagged, black, venerable ma.s.ses of stone-work, that stretch far and wide, and show like a city of fairyland”--such the view Carlyle had in a clear atmosphere of 1826, whatever it may be now.

ARTICLES, THE THIRTY-NINE, originally Forty-Two, a creed framed in 1562, which every clergyman of the Church of England is bound by law to subscribe to at his ordination, as the accepted faith of the Church.

ARTIST, according to a definition of Ruskin, which he prints in small caps., ”a person who has submitted to a law which it was painful to obey, that he may bestow a delight which it is gracious to bestow.”

ARTISTS, PRINCE OF, Albert Durer, so called by his countrymen.

AR'TOIS, an ancient province of France, comprising the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, and parts of the Somme and the Nord; united to the crown in 1659.

ARTOIS, MONSEIGNEUR D', famed, as described in Carlyle's ”French Revolution,” for ”breeches of a new kind in this world”; brother of Louis XVI., and afterwards CHARLES X. (q. v.).

AR'UNDEL (2), a munic.i.p.al town in Suss.e.x, on the Arun, 9 m. E. of Chichester, with a castle of great magnificence, the seat of the Earls of Arundel.

ARUNDEL, THOMAS, successively bishop of Ely, Lord Chancellor, archbishop of York, and archbishop of Canterbury; a persecutor of the Wickliffites, but a munificent benefactor of the Church (1353-1414).