Part 96 (2/2)

[11] As a result of the overthrow of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna restored to Prussia and France substantially the boundaries they had at the opening of the Napoleonic Wars Still more important for the future was the consolidation of sodoht States

[12] Friedrich Adolph Wilhel became a pupil in one of the earliest normal schools in Prussia, that at Frankfort; then a teacher; and in 1820 became a director of a Teachers' Seminary at Moers From 1833 to 1849 he was head of the normal school at Berlin He has often been called ”der deutsche Pestalozzi”

[13] Made in a letter to Baron von Altenstein, Prussian Minister for Education

[14] ”Herbart's senized, in 1810; Gedike's seminar in Berlin was formally taken over by the university, in 1812; the seanized in 1816; Breslau began pedagogical work, in 1813; and in 1817 it was stated that the purpose of the reorganized se of skilled teachers for the _Gyher Schools_, p 97)

[15] Gesner at Gottingen and Wolff at Halle laid down the lines for these in the hteenth century The early nineteenth-century foundations were at Konigsberg, 1810; Berlin, 1812; Breslau, 1812; Bonn, 1819; Griefswald, 1820; and Munster, 1825

[16] All prospective gyraduates of the universities or not, were now required to take exay roups, and a reasonable knowledge of the other two: namely, (1) Greek, Latin, German; (2) Matheraphy

[17] See Russell, Jas E, _Gerraated in 1837

[18] In 1840 there were six Prussian universities; by 1900 the number had increased to eleven, and three technical universities in addition In the other German States eleven additional universities and six technical universities were in existence, in 1900

[19] Benjaen, as early as 1766, but the first Aree at a German university was Benjamin S

Barton, of Philadelphia, who took his doctor's degree at Gottingen, in 1799 By 1825 ten Aen That year the first Aistered at Berlin, and in 1827 the first at Leipzig (See Hinsdale, B A, in _Report, US

Commissioner of Education_, 1897-98, vol 1, pp 603-16)

[20] The re in this connection

”Of the students who attend the German universities,” he said, ”one-third die prereat poverty and undernourishment while students; another one-third die pre and disease contracted while students; the re third rule Europe”

[21] Barnard, Henry, _American Journal of Education_, vol xx, p 365

[22] This was proposed by Czar Alexander I of Russia in 1815, and became a personal alliance of the Czar of Russia, the Eion, peace, and order” Other princes were asked to join this continental League to enforce peace and, under the rule of Prince Metternich, chief minister of Austria, it dominated Europe until after the political revolutions of 1848

[23] As a young e of a subordinate division of the Department of Public Instruction under Humboldt, and was a man of somewhat liberal ideas Noas compelled to fall in with the ideas of the political leaders and the wishes of the king, though he still did so to hold back the reactionary forces and preserve ained

[24] Paulsen, Fr, _German Education, Past and Present_, p 246

[25] It was this sarant constitutional govern: ”No written sheet of paper shall ever thrust itself like a second providence between the Lord God in heaven and this land” In 1850, however, he was forced to grant a liovernment to his people

[26] ”The motive which dictated the law of 1872 on school supervision (na the State in coious as well as other instruction) was, as is well understood, to strengthen the hands of the governle with the Catholic hierarchy, which was then proain the sovereign right of the State over the whole school syste the elementary or people's schools” (Nohle, Dr E, _History of the German School System_, p 79)

[27] Alexander, Thomas, _The Prussian Elementary Schools_, pp 537-38

CHAPTER XXIII

[1] The coovernment, and corresponded to the district, town, or townshi+p with us, or with the Church parish under the old regime There were approximately 37,000 coer unit, France being divided, for administrative purposes, into 82 Departe county

[2] By this term what is known elsewhere as secondary school e 272, for explanation of the term

[3] The University had at its disposal approximately 2,500,000 francs a year This was derived frorant of 400,000 francs, the inco froely from examination fees In 1850 its property was taken over by the State, and the University was changed into a state departanization is at first not easy for the American student to understand The University of the State of New York-- virtually the department of public instruction for the State--is our closest Ay On the banishment of Napoleon and the restoration of the monarchy, in 1815, the Grand Master and Council were replaced by a Commissioner of Public Instruction, with assistant Commissioners for the different divisions, and in 1820 this was further changed into a Royal Council of Public Instruction