Part 95 (1/2)

[11] In 1788 the 131 bishops and archbishops of France had an average income of 100,000 francs, and 33 abbots and 27 abbesses had inco from 80,000 to 500,000 francs The Cardinal de Rohan, Archbishop of Strasbourg, had an income of more than 1,000,000 francs, and the 300 Benedictine monks at Cluny had an income of more than 1,800,000 francs

[12] ”The real importance of _Esprit des lois_ is not that of a formal treatise on law, or even on polity It is that of an asse views on legal and political subjects, put in language of singular suggestiveness and vigour, illustrated by examples which are always apt and luminous, permeated by the spirit of temperate and tolerant desire for human improvement and happiness, and almost unique in its entire freedootisenius of the author for generalization is so great, his instinct in political science so sure, that even the falsity of his premises frequently fails to vitiate his conclusions” (Saintsbury, George, in _Encyclopedia Britannica_, vol XVIII, p 777)

[13] ”By the captivating prospects which he held out of future progress, and by the picture which he drew of the capacity of society to iot increased the iainst the despotic government, in whose presence amelioration seemed to be hopeless These, and similar speculations of the time, stimulated the activity of the intellectual classes, cheered them under the persecutions to which they were exposed, and emboldened them to attack the institutions of their native land” (Buckle, H T, _History of Civilisation in England_, vol I, p 597)

[14] Duruy, V, _History of France_, p 523

[15] _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 11th ed, vol viii, p 204

[16] ”The real king of the eighteenth century was Voltaire; but Voltaire, in his turn, was a pupil of the English Before Voltaire becah his travels and his friendshi+ps, he was not Voltaire, and the eighteenth century was still undeveloped” (Cousin, _History of Philosophy_)

[17] ”The first Frenchhteenth century turned their attention to England were amazed at the boldness hich, in that country, political and religious questions of the deepest moment were discussed--questions which no Frenche had dared to broach With wonder they discovered in England a comparative freedom of the public press, and saith astonishovernement of its revenues actually kept under control To see the civilization and prosperity of England increasing, while the power of the upper classes and the King diland, said Helvetius, is a country where the people are respected, a country where each citizen has a part in the enius are allowed to enlighten the public upon its true interests” (Dabney, R H, _Causes of the French Revolution_, p 141)

[18] Tennyson, in his ”You ask rowth of constitutional liberty in England when he says that England is:

”A land of settled government, A land of just and old renown, Where freedom broadens slowly down, From precedent to precedent”

[19] James I, in 1604, had declared: ”As it is atheish conte can do” For this attitude the Commons continually contested his authority, his son lost his crown and his head, and his grandson was driven fro the different attitude toward self-government of the two peoples, the German Emperor William II, three centuries later, so continually boasted of his rule by divine right that ”Me and God” became an international joke, and to his assumption the German people took little or no exception

[20] The passage of the Bill of Rights (1689) ended the divine-right-of- kings idea in England for all ti arht to petition for a redress of grievances, gave Parlia fro in any ith the proper execution of the laws, declared that ht to be elected to Parliaave the Coh the English first developed regulated or constitutional governle written constitution Instead, the foundations of English constitutional governhts (1628), and the Bill of Rights (1689), these three constituting ”the Bible of English Liberty”

[22] At first used as a term of ridicule, froanized their careat Puritan movement of the seventeenth century, no such appeal had been heard since the days when Augustine and his band ofthe barbarous Saxons The results answered fully to the zeal that awakened the commerce, better than all the conquests of the East or the West, was the new religious spirit which stirred the people of both England and Aood works--which planted schools, checked inteorous activity all that was best and bravest in a race that when true to itself is excelled by none”

(Montgolish History_, p 322)

[24] The contrast between eighteenth-century England and France, in theIn France the Church took care, during the whole of the eighteenth century, that the persecution process should go on ”In 1717 an asse been surprised at Andure, the alleys and the women to prison An edict of 1724 declared that all who took part in a Protestant , or who had any direct or indirect communication with a Protestant preacher, should have their heads shaved and be imprisoned for life, and the alleys In 1745 and 1746, in the province of Dauphine, 277 Protestants were condeed From 1744 to 1752 six hundred Protestants in the east and south of France were condemned to various punishments In 1774 the children of a Calvinist of Rennes were taken from him Up to the very eve of the Revolution Protestant ainst their congregations”

(Dabney, R H, _Causes of the French Revolution_, p 42)

[25] Back as early as 1695 the Co act, enacted in 1637, to control heresy This had confined printing to London, Oxford, and Cae, and to twenty master printers and four letter founders for the real of the freedoht laas enacted, and in 1776 the redress against publishers of libelous articles was confined to the ordinary courts of law A century ahead of France, and more than two centuries ahead of Teutonic and Roland provided for a free press and open discussion

[26] George III, always consistently wrong, opposed this extension of popular rights In 1771 he wrote the Prihly necessary that this strange and lawlessdebates in the papers should be put a stop to But is not the House of Lords the best court to bring such miscreants before; as it can fine, as well as imprison, and has broader shoulders to support the odium of so salutary a norant of physical laill refer to supernatural causes all the phenomena by which it is surrounded

But as soon as natural science begins to do its work there are introduced the elee Each successive discovery, by ascertaining the law that governs events, deprives them of that apparent mystery in which they were formerly involved The love of the marvelous becomes proportionally diress as to enable it to fortell the events hich it deals, it is clear that the whole of those events are at once withdrawn froht under the authority of natural power? Hence it is that, supposing other things equal, the superstition of a nation must always bear an exact proportion to the extent of its physical knowledge” (Buckle, H T, _History of Civilization in England_, vol 1, p 269)

[28] The Charter of this Society stated the purpose to be to increase knowledge by direct experiment, and that the object of the Society was the extension of natural knowledge, as opposed to that which is supernatural

As an institution eress it was

[29] Birreatcities early in the nineteenth century, were insignificant villages in Croine land of immense value, and the ”san to displace southern agricultural England in population, wealth, and ian his great work in prison refor to death was abolished; in 1780 the ducking-stool was used for the last ti to the death penalty were modified, and the slave trade abolished Up to the hteenth century as many as one hundred and sixty offenses were punishable by death

[31] The Declaration of Independence ritten by Thoandist for French ideas

[32] Co sentence from the _Social Contract_ (Book I, chap, ix) of Rousseau: