Part 92 (1/2)
[19] The terms _atheist_ and _atheism_ now arose, as the modern substitutes for exco the next two centuries these were applied, by the churchmen of the time, to almost every prominent philosopher and scientist and independent thinker
[20] Very severe ion of heresy All Protestant literature was forbidden circulation in Catholic lands The printing-press, as a disseminator of heresy, was placed under strict license Certain books were ordered burned Perhaps the most extreme and ruthless measure was the prohibition, under penalty of death, of the reading of the Bible That this harsh act was carried out the record of martyrs shows As one example may be mentioned the sister of the Fle decapitated and she buried alive in the square fronting the cathedral at Louvain, in 1543, for having been caught reading the sacred Book
CHAPTER XIII
[1] Dr Philip Schaff, the Church historian, says: ”Schleiermacher reduced the whole difference between Romanism and Protestantism to the formula, 'Romanism makes the relation of the individual to Christ depend on his relation to the Church: Protestantism, _vice versa_, makes the relation of the individual to the Church depend on his relation to Christ'” (Quoted by G B Adams, from a pamphlet, _Luther Symposiac_, Union Se before the days of printing can readily be appreciated Just as the monk was carefully trained to copy manuscript, so the clerk for a city or a business house needed to be carefully trained to read and write Writing for the ”city writer” (city clerk, we say), Latin and vernacular secretaries, traveling writers, writing teachers, etc Writingalso, but usually not In soranted an officialin the city
[3] Reckoning schools were to meet direct commercial needs in the cities, and were seldoht in the Latin schools as a part of the Seven Liberal Arts was largely theoretical; the arith schools was practical The work of the professional reckoner in time developed similarly to that of the professional writer, and often the tere combined in one person
When employed by a city he was known as the city clerk In 1482 the first reckoning book to be published in Germany appeared, filled with merchant's rules and applied proble raph by Jackson, L L, _Sixteenth Century Arithe Pubs, No 8, 1906)
[4] Luther tried to ht profit by listening to its reading To insure that his translation should be in a language that would be perfectly clear and natural to the co questions of laborers, children, and ood colloquial expressions It soht word, but so satisfactory was the result that it fixed the standard for modern German, and still stands as the e
[5] The French version of this great original work represents the first use of French as a language for an argumentative treatise, and, as Calvin's as ical treatise, it did e
[6] ”Tyndale's translation is not only the first which goes back to the original tongues, but it is so noble a translation in its led tenderness and majesty, its Saxon simplicity, and its smooth, beautiful diction that it has been but little i version is little more than a revision of Tyndale's” (J Paterson S extract from Matthew is illustrative: ”O oure father which art in heven, halewed be thy nadom come Thy wyll be fulfilled, as well in erth, as hit ys in heven Geve vs this daye oure dayly breade And forgeve vs oure treaspases, even as we forgeve them whych treaspas vs Lede vs nott in to temptacion, but delyvre vs from yvell Amen”
[7] The most famous of Luther's German hymns, and one expressive of the Protestant spirit, is the one beginning:
”Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, ”A ute Wehr und Waffen” A bulwark never failing”
This hymn has often been called ”The Marseillaise of the Refor the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, of the German vernacular school-teacher out of the parish sexton is one of the interesting bits of our educational history
[9] Magdeburg is typical, where the Lutherans united all the parish schools under the supervision of one pastor
[10] Wittenberg, founded in 1502 as a new-learning university, and in which Luther, Melanchthon, and Bugenhagen were professors, was the first of the universities to become Protestant Gradually the other universities in Protestant Geriance to the Pope, and took on that of the ruling prince
[11] The first Protestant university to be founded was Marburg, in Hesse, in 1527 When this later went over to Calvinisration of the Lutheran professors
Other Protestant universities founded were Konigsberg (1544) Jena (1555), Helmstadt (1576), and the free-city universities of Altdorf (1573), Strassburg (1621), Rinteln (1621), Duisberg (1655) and Kiel (1665) The support of these came, to a considerable extent, from old monastic or ecclesiastical foundations which had been dissolved after the Reformation
[12] This was in response to a petition to the King, nearly two years before The King finally granted the request, ”thoughthat he was not colish, yet 'of his own liberality and goodness was and is pleased that his said loving subjects should have and read the same in convenient places and times'” (Procter and Frere, _History of the Book of Common Prayer_, p
30)
[13] ”The injunctions directed that 'a Bible of the largest volulish' be set up in soht be read, only without noise, or disturbance of any public service, and without any disputation, or exposition” (_Ibid_, p 30)
[14] The right to read the Bible was later revoked, during the closing years of Henry VIII's reign (d 1547), by an act of Parliament, in 1543, which provided that ”no woentle woree of yeomenhusbandmen, or laborers” should read or use any part of the Bible under pain of fines and ins, as follows:
Henry VIII (1509-1547) 63 schools Edward VI (1547-1553) 50 ”
Mary (1553-1558) 19 ”
Elizabeth (1558-1603) 138 ”
James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) 142 ”