Part 87 (1/2)

[13] The extent of the Benedictine order alone may be seen from the Benedictine statement that ”Pope John XXII, who died in 1334, after an exact inquiry, found that, since the first rise of the order, there had been of it 24 popes, near 200 cardinals, 7000 archbishops, 15,000 bishops, 15,000 abbots of renown, above 4000 saints, and upwards of 37,000 monasteries There had been likewise, of this order, 20 es and above 50 queens, 20 sons of ehters of kings and emperors, besides dukes, marquises, earls, countesses, etc, innumerable” From this itthe long period of the Middle Ages

[14] Draper, John W, _Intellectual Development of Europe_, vol I, p

437

CHAPTER VI

[1] From the sixth to the twelfth centuries

[2] The story which has co shown into an anteroo in the floor and dashed his battle-axe at the the beautifulthe period of Ro business became an important one Manuscripts were copied in numbers by trained writers, and books were officially published Both public and private libraries becae libraries These were found in the provincial towns as well as in the large Italian cities, and in country villas as well as in town houses

By the beginning of the eighth century books had becoreat care (R 65), and books were borrowed froht beof Frankland, 768-814), for example, found it necessary to order that priests andof theand the dead, as circuular to plural, or frofellow's poe here Of Benedict he says:

”He founded here his Convent and his Rule Of prayer and work, and counted work as prayer; The pen became a clarion, and his school Flaht air”

[6] Soe The novitiate course o years, but as the vows could not be taken before eighteen, the course of instruction often covered six to eight years

[7] To teach a novice to copy accurately afro to-day, It wasin a college engineering course, as it called for a degree of work

[8] The Vulgate, a Latin translation of the Bible made by Saint Jerome, at the close of the fourth century The Old Testament he translated mostly from the Hebrew and Chaldaic, and the New Testament he revised from the older Latin versions This is the only version of the Scriptures which the Roman Catholic Church admits as authentic

[9] Letters from onethe loan of some ancient book, have been preserved in numbers Lupus, Abbot of Ferrieres in France, for exa himself to the Pope in person, requested a complete copy of Cicero's _De Oratore_, which he desired

[10] The Missal is a book containing the service of the mass for the entire year The Psalter the book of Psal written by hand

[12] So expensive of time and effort was the production of books by this method that many of the manuscripts now extant ritten crosswise on sheets froely erased by chemical or mechanical means How many valuable ancient manuscripts were lost in this manner no one knows Fortunately the practice was not common until after the thirteenth century, when the rise of the universities and the spread of learningpurposes

[13] That the printing was not always carefully done is shown by the constant need, throughout the Middle Ages, of correct copies for co injunction of the Abbot Alcuin to theof the ninth century, is illustrative of the need for care in copying:

”Here let the scribes sit who copy out the words of the Divine Law, and likewise the hallowed sayings of Holy Fathers Let the their own frivolities in the words they copy, nor let a trifler's hand h haste Let them earnestly seek out for the pen uish the proper sense by colons and commas, and set the points, each one in its due place, and let not him who reads the words to them either read falsely or pause suddenly It is a noble work to write out holy books, nor shall the scribe fail of his due reward Writing books is better than planting vines, for he who plants a vine serves his belly, but he rites a book serves his soul”

[14] West, A F, _Alcuin_, pp 72-73

[15] The largest monastic library on the Continent was Fulda, which specialized in the copying of land the largest collections were at Canterbury, which in the fourteenth century possessed 698 voluh, which had 344 volumes at about the saland, burned in 1091, at that time contained approxiest collections in Europe

[16] The _Hortus Delicaru, in Alsace, was a famous illustration of artistic workmanshi+p

This was an attee of her time The manuscript was e preserved as a wonderful exhibition ofwith many other treasures, when the Prussians bo, in 1870

[17] He there ”enjoyed advantages which could not perhaps have been found anywhere else in Europe at the ti in the West Nowhere else could he acquire at once the Irish, the Ro; the accumulated stores of books which Benedict (founder and abbot) had bought at Rome and at Vienne; or the disciplinary instruction drawn from the monasteries on the Continent, as well as from Irish raphy_, article on Bede)

[18] West, A F, _Alcuin_, pp 45-47

[19] _Annals of Xanten_, 846 AD