Part 50 (1/2)

Soon a Constitution for France, the first ever proated in modern Europe, was prepared and adopted (1791) This abolished the ancient privileges and reorganized France as a self-governing nation, overned to a limited constitutional one Next the property of the Church was taken over by the State, the monasteries were suppressed, and the priests and bishops were made state officials and paid a fixed state salary The Jesuits had been expelled from France in 1764; and in 1792 the Brothers of the Christian Schools were not allowed longer to teach A other important matters, the Constitution of 1791 declared that:

There shall be created and organized a systeratuitous, with respect to those branches of instruction which are indispensable for all men

Up to this point the Revolution in France had proceeded relatively peacefully, considering the nature of the long-standing abuses which were to be re was imprisoned, and in January, 1793, he was executed and a Republic proclain of terror, which we do not need to follow, and which ended only when Napoleon became master of France

BENEFICENT RESULTS OF THE REVOLUTION The French Revolution was not an accident or a product of chance, but rather the inevitable result of an atteress and prevent its orderly onward flow The Protestant Revolts were the first great revolutionary wave, the Puritan revolution in England was another, the formation of the Aovernious freedo e of blood, the very foundations of thewith much that was disastrous, the French Revolution accoreatest iress The world at tiress was made in a decade that could hardly have been made in a century by peaceful evolution The old order of privilege came to an end, mediaevalism ept away, and the serf was evolved into the free farmer and citizen One fifth of the soil of France was restored to the use of the people from the monasteries, and an additional one third from the Church and nobility The new principles of citizenshi+p--Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity--were for France revolutionary in the extrenty of a nation rests with the people rather than with the king, here successfully pros”

idea for France After political theory had for a tienius of Napoleon consolidated the gains, gave France a strong governanization of schools for the nation which ulti over of education from the Church and its provision at the expense of and in the interests of the nation

THE NATIONAL IDEA EXTENDS TO OTHER LANDS The reforlish and Aan to have their influence in other lands as well People everywhere began to see that the old regiht to be replaced Other countries abolished serfdom, introduced better laws, and made reforms in the abuses of both Church and State French armies and rulers carried the best of French ideas to other lands, and, where the French rule continued long enough, these ideas became fixed In particular was the _Code Napoleon_ copied in the Netherlands, the Italian States, and the States of southern and western Germany The national spirit of Italy akened, and the Italian liberals began to look forward to the day when the sht be reunited into an Italian Nation, with Rome as its capital This became the work of nineteenth-century Italian statesmen For the first time in Spanish history, too, the people beca of national unity, and similarly the national spirit of German lands was stirred by the conquests of Napoleon

A constitution was obtained in Spain, in 1812, and between 1815 and 1821 all of Spain's South Aentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colouay, and Venezuela--revolted, becaoverner ones based on the federal principle, as in the United States Brazil sial and set up a constitutional and federated doovernment in 1820, and Sardinia in 1821 In 1823, when Spain with Austria's aid prepared to reconquer the Spanish South American Republics, President Monroe transe in which he declared that any attempt on the part of European nations to suppress republicanism on the American continent would be considered by the United States as an unfriendly act This has since been known as the _Monroe Doctrine_ In 1829 Greece obtained her independence froovernment was obtained

IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES OF THE DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT Since the closing decades of the eighteenth century, when dean, the sweep of deovernment has becoed to deovernal (1911), China (1912), Russia (1917), and Gerlish self-governave a new eood reason to believe that government of and by and for the people is ultient nations and races of the earth

With the developovernrowth of hue, iislation as to labor, a previously unknown attention to the poor and the dependents of society, a vast extension of educational advantages, and the taking over of education from the Church by the State and the erection of the school into an important institution for the preservation and advancement of the national welfare

These consequences of the onward sweep of neorld ideas we shall trace more in detail in the chapters which follow

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1 Show the is of the new eighteenth-century liberalises 471-72

2 How do you explain the lack of any permanent influence on Spanish life of the work of the benevolent despots in Spain?

3 Show the liberalizing influence of the rise of scientific investigation and economic studies, for a nation still oppressed by overnment

4 Enuhteenth century

5 Indicate the importance of the freedolish political liberty

6 Explain how the religious-freedom attitude of the American national constitution conferred an inestimable boon on the States in the matter of public education

SELECTED READINGS

In the acco illustrative selections are reproduced:

247 Dabney: Ecclesiastical Tyranny in France

248 Voltaire: On the Relation of Church and State

249 Rousseau: Extract frolish Thinking in the Eighteenth Century, 251 Pennsylvania Constitution: Bill of Rights in

252 Clergy of Blois: _Cahier_ of 1779

253 France: Declaration of the Rights of Man