Part 28 (1/2)

8 Characterize Colet's Introduction to Lily's Granificance of such a bequest as that of Willia of a chantry gra school, indicate as to the progress of education?

11 Would the action taken by the authorities of the City of Sandwich (143) indicate that the huht, or not? The salish country grammar school, as described by Martindale (145)?

12 Just what does the instruction described as given by Campion (146) indicate?

SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES

Adaes_

Jebb, R C _Humanism in Education_

Laurie, S S _Development of Educational Opinion since the Renaissance_

Laurie, S S ”The Renaissance and the School, 1440-1580”; in _School Review_, vol 4, pp 140-48, 202-14

Lupton, J H _A Life of John Colet_

Palgrave, F T ”The Oxford Movement in the Fifteenth Century”; in _Nineteenth Century_, vol 28, pp 812-30 (Nov 1890) Seebohm, F _The Oxford Reforlish Gran of Queen Elizabeth_

Thurber, C H ”Vittorino da Feltre”; in School _Review_, vol 7, pp 295-300

Watson, Foster _English Grammar Schools to 1660_

Woodward, W H _Vittorino da Feltre, and other Hu the Renaissance_

Woodward, W H _Desiderius Eras the Method and Aim of Education_

CHAPTER XII

THE REVOLT AGAINST AUTHORITY

THE NEW QUESTIONING ATtitUDE The student can hardly have followed the history of educational develop of the practices and of the dogmatic and repressive attitude of the omnipresent mediaeval Church was certain to come, sooner or later, unless the Church itself realized that the mediaeval conditions which once de away, and that the new life in Christendoiousfroanization of city governments, the rise of lawyer and merchant classes, the formation of new national States, the rise of a new ”Estate” of tradese, the evolution of the university organizations, and the discovery of the art of printing--all these forces had united to develop a new attitude toward the old problems and to prepare western Europe for a rapid evolution out of thedo This the Church should have realized, and it should have assuressive tendencies of the tient attitude assumed earlier toward the rise of scholastic inquiry But it did not, and by the fifteenth century the situation had been further aggravated by a y, which awakened deep and general criticis the northern peoples

The Revival of Learning was the first clear break with mediaevalism In the critical and constructive attitude developed by the scholars of the , the new craving for truth for its own sake which they everywhere awakened, and their continual appeal to the original sources of knowledge for guidance, we have the definite beginnings of a modern scientific spirit which was destined ultis, and in ti The authority of the mediaeval Church would be questioned, and out of this questioning would coious tolerance unknown in the reat world of scientific truth would be inquired into and the facts of ardless of what preconceived ideas, popular or religious, s to rule, and to dispose of the fortunes and happiness of their peoples as they saw fit, was also destined to be questioned, and another new ”Estate” would in tiressive lands, the divine right of the coious freedom and toleration, scientific inquiry and scholarshi+p, and the ultimate rise of de, and constructive attitude of the humanistic scholars of the Renaissance

These came historically in the order just stated, and in this order we shall consider them

HUMANISM BECAME A RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENT IN THE NORTH In Italy the Revival of Learning was classical and scientific in its methods and results, and awakened little or no tendency toward religious and anization of religion, with the result that the Papacy and the Italian Church probably reached their lowest religious levels at about the tiitation took place in northern lands In the latter, on the contrary, the introduction of huious refor there caland, Gere parts of northern France, the new learning was at once directed to religious and moral ends The patriotic emotions roused in the Italians by the humanistic ious and moral emotions, and the constant appeal to sources turned the northern leaders alinal Greek and Hebrew Testaious land, who had spent the years 1493-96 in Florence (p 254), during the period when Savonarola (1452-98) was preaching moral reforious reforan to lecture at Oxford on the Epistles of Saint Paul in the Greek Linacre, Grocyn, Colet, Eras others, forroup of humanists all of ere also deeply interested in a reform of the practices of the Church

Erass to reious abuses His _Colloquies_ (1519), a widely used Latin reading book, was banned from the classrooms of the University of Paris (1528), and forbidden to be used in Catholic lands by the Church Council of Trent (1564), because of the way in which it held up to ridicule the abuses in the Church, the superstitions of the age, and the iy His work as Professor of Divinity at Cas of the Church Fathers, and his Latin-Greek edition (1516), of the New Testaical scholars back to the original sources instead of to the scholastics for the foundations of their religious faith In Gerius (p, 271), Reuchlin (p 254), and Melanchthon (p 270) began, by sio back to Greek and Hebrew sources and to the Church Fathers for new interpretations as to religious doctrines In so doing they discovered that rown up during the long mediaeval period, were not in hars of Christ, the Apostles, or the early Fathers In France, Jacques Lefevre (c 1455-1536), a humanist and a pioneer Protestant, contended for the rule of the Scriptures and for justification by faith, and translated the Bible into the French (New Testaht read it

EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION The reaction against the mas of the Church and the demand by the huion of Christ gradually grew, and in time beca which broke out all at once and with Luther, as many seem to think Had this been so he would soon have been suppressed, and little more would have been heard of him

Instead, the literature of the time clearly reveals that there had been, for two centuries, an increasing criticism of the Church, and a number of local and unsuccessful efforts at reforeneral, and of long standing, outside of Italy and southern France Had it been heeded probably ht have been different A few of the more iround for our study

The first organized revolt against the Church occurred in southern France, in the early thirteenth century, and the revolters (_Albigenses_) were so fearfully punished by fire and sword that it was not atteain

[Illustration: FIG 86 JOHN WYCLIFFE (1320?-84) A popular English preacher (Drawn from an old print)]