Part 3 (1/2)
1 Describe and characterize the Lahich Lycurgus fra (1)
2 Describe and characterize the instruction of the Ireus at Sparta
Co the best of the American Indian tribes (1)
3 Contrast the type of education given an Athenian and a Spartan boy, as to nature and purpose and character (1 and 2)
4 What degree of State supervision of education is indicated by Plato (2)? By Freeman (5)?
5 Compare an Athenian school day as described by Lucian (3) with a school day in a modern Gary-type school
6 Compare the Ephebic years of an Athenian youth (4) with those of a Spartan youth (1)
7 What were some of the chief defects of Athenian schools (5)?
8 What was the position of the State in the reat merits of the Athenian educational and political syste (6)?
(For SUPPLEMENTAL REFERENCES, see following chapter)
CHAPTER II
LATER GREEK EDUCATION
III THE NEW GREEK EDUCATION
POLITICAL EVENTS: THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE The Battle of Marathon (490 BC) has long been considered one of the ”decisive battles of the world”
Had the despotisn that ended in the defeat of the Persian fleet at Salamis (480 BC) and of the Persian army at Plataea (479 BC), the whole history of our western world would have been different The result of the ith Persia was the triumph of this neestern dereat national e, over the uneducated hordes led to battle by the autocracy of the East This was the first, but not the last, of the many battles which western de crushed by autocracy and despotism Marathon broke the dread spell of the Persian naressive Greeks to pursue their intellectual and political developth and power of the Athenians to the the most wonderful political, literary, and artistic develophest products of Greek civilization were attained Attica had braved everything for the co Athens to be burned by the invader, and for the next fifty years she held the position of political as well as cultural pree the Greek City-States Athens now became the world center of wealth and refinement and the ho cultural lines, due in part to hercohout the Mediterranean world
Fro this short period Athens gave birth to reat men--poets, artists, statesmen, and philosophers--than all the world beside had produced [1] in any period of equal length Then, largely as a result of the growing jealousy of military Sparta came that cruel and vindictive civil strife, known as the Peloponnesian War, which desolated Greece, left Athens a wreck of her former self, permanently lowered the moral tone of the Greek people, and impaired beyond recovery the intellectual and artistic life of hellas For many centuries Athens continued to be a center of intellectual achievehout a new and a different world, but her power as a State had been ieful war between those who should have been friends and allies in the cause of civilization
TRANSITION FROM OLD TO THE NEW As early as 509 BC a new constitution had admitted all the free inhabitants of Attica to citizenshi+p, and the result was a rapid increase in the prestige, property, and culture of Athens Citizenshi+p was now open to the coer restricted to a small, properly born, and properly educated class Wealth now becaer looked down upon as it had been in the earlier period After the Peloponnesian War the predorowth of coe of embassies, the travel overseas of Athenian citizens, and the presence of ners in the State all alike led to a tolerance of new ideas and a criticism of old ones which before had been unknown A leisure class now arose, and personal interest cae in the earlier conceptions as to the duty of the citizen to the State Literature lost ious basis of an to be replaced by that of reason Philosophy was now called upon to furnish a practical guide for life to replace the old religious basis A new philosophy in which ”s” arose, and its teachers cas The old search for an explanation of the world of matter [3]
was now replaced by an attempt to explain the world of ideas and e evolution of the sciences of philosophy, ethics, and logic It was a period of great intellectual as well as political change and expansion, and in consequence the old education, which had answered well the needs of a primitive and isolated coer needs of the new cose in the old education to adapt it to the needs of the new Athens, now become the intellectual center of the civilized world
CHANGES IN THE OLD EDUCATION A nues in the character of the old education were now gradually introduced The rigid drill of the earlier period began to be replaced by an easier and aGyan to replace drill for the service of the State, and was id in type The old authors, who had rendered ian to be replaced by ious anda softer and ed lyre, and complicated music replaced the simple Doric airs of the earlier period Education became much more individual, literary, and theoretical
Geo were introduced as new studies Graan to be studied, discussion was introduced, and a certain glibness of speech began to be prized The citizen-cadet years, froorous physical training, were now changed to school work of an intellectual type
NEW TEACHERS; THE SOPHISTS New teachers, known as Sophists, who professed to be able to train an to offer a ned to prepare boys for the newer type of state service These in time drew many Ephebes into their private schools, where the chief studies were on the content, forra became the master studies of this new period, as they were felt to prepare boys better for the new political and intellectual life of hellas than did the older type of training In the schools of the Sophists boys now spent their tira how to secure rhetorical effect Many of these new teachers ant claims for their instruction (R 8) and drew much ridicule from the champions of the older type of education, but within a century they had thoroughly established theed the character of the earlier Greek education
By 350 BC we find that Greek school education had been differentiated into three divisions, as follows:
1 _Priht to thirteen, and e
The teacher of this school cara the years fro, and a special rammar and rhetoric were introduced into this school The teacher of this school caher or university education_, covering the years after sixteen