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29. Specifically, students from families with parents who had a graduate education had 0.34 standard deviation higher reports of peer expectations and 0.27 standard deviation higher reports of peer support than students from families with only high-school-educated parents.

30. The R-squared of a model predicting reports of peer high expectations increases from 0.076 to 0.224 when inst.i.tutional-level fixed effects are added; the R-squared on a model predicting reports of peer support increases from 0.046 to 0.188 when inst.i.tutional-level fixed effects are included.

31. Rebekah Nathan, My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 101. Rebekah Nathan is a pseudonym.

32. See also, Steven Brint and Allison M. Cantwell, aUndergraduate Time Use and Academic Outcomes: Results from UCUES 2006.a Research and Occasional Paper Series (Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California, Berkeley, 2008); and National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), Experiences that Matter: Enhancing Student Learning and Success (Bloomington, IN: Center for Postsecondary Research, Indiana University Bloomington, 2007).

33. Grigsby, College Life through the Eyes of Students, 116.

34. Nathan, My Freshman Year, 112a”13.

35. Ibid., 119.

36. The R-squared increased from 0.074 to 0.138 when school-level fixed effects were added.

37. NSSE, Experiences that Matter, 42.

38. Ernest L. Boyer, College: The Undergraduate Experience in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 85.

39. Ibid., 85.

40. Ibid., 84.

41. Grigsby, College Life through the Eyes of Students, 112.

42. See for example, Juan Carlos Calcagno and Bridget Terry Long, aThe Impact of Postsecondary Remediation Using a Regression Discontinuity Approach: Addressing Endogenous Sorting and Noncompliance.a NBER Working Paper Series no. 14194 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008).

43. Alexander Astin, aThe Changing American College Student: Thirty Year Trends, 1966a”1996,a Review of Higher Education 21 (1998): 115a”35.

44. Sarah E. Turner and William Bowen, aThe Flight from the Arts and Sciences: Trends in Degrees Conferred,a Science 250 (1990): 517a”21.

45. Steven Brint, aThe Rise of the Practical Artsa in The Future of the City of Intellect: The Changing American University, ed. Steven Brint (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002), 222.

46. Turner and Bowen, aThe Flight from the Arts and Sciences,a 517.

47. William Damon, The Path to Purpose: How Young People Find Their Calling in Life (New York: Free Press, 2008), 5.

48. Ibid., 9.

49. Barbara Schneider and David Stevenson, The Ambitious Generation: Americaas Teenagers Motivated but Directionless (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).

50. Nathan, My Freshman Year, 114.

51. Clydesdale, The First Year Out, 163a”64.

52. Valen E. Johnson, Grade Inflation: A Crisis in College Education (New York: Springer-Verlag, 2003), 2a”3.

53. Noel Perrin, aHow Students at Dartmouth Came to Deserve Better Grades,a Chronicle of Higher Education, October 9, 1998, 68; as cited in Johnson, Grade Inflation, 5.

54. Johnson, Grade Inflation, 188f.

55. For racial / ethnic differences in course-taking among a recent cohort of students attending selective inst.i.tutions, see Camille Charles et al., Taming the River: Negotiating the Academic, Financial, and Social Currents in Selective Colleges and Universities (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 24a”33.

56. The R-squared increases from 0.147 to 0.310 when inst.i.tutional-level fixed effects are added to the model.

57. Damon, The Path to Purpose, 8 58. Grigsby, College Life through the Eyes of Students, 56.

59. Nathan, My Freshman Year, 100.

60. Stephanie A. Clemons, David McKelfresh, and James Banning, aImportance of Sense of Place and Sense of Self in Residence Hall Room Design: A Qualitative Study of First-Year Students,a Journal of the First-Year Experience 17 (2005): 73a”86.

61. George D. Kuh, Robert M. Gonyea, and Megan Palmer, aThe Disengaged Commuter Student: Fact or Fiction?a Commuter Perspectives 27 (2001): 2a”5; Ernest T. Pas carella et al., aCognitive Effects of Greek affiliation During the First Year of College,a NASPA Journal 33 (1996): 242a”59; and Ernest T. Pascarella et al., aCognitive Impacts of Living on Campus versus Commuting to Collegea (University Park, PA: National Center on Postsecondary Teaching, Learning and a.s.sessment, 1992).

62. Pascarella et al., aCognitive Impacts of Living on Campus,a 11.

63. Nathan, My Freshman Year, 80.

64. Grigsby, College Life through the Eyes of Students, 60.

65. Nathan, My Freshman Year, 48.

66. Steven Brint and Mathew Baron Rotondi, aStudent Debt, the College Experience, and Transitions to Adulthooda (paper presented at the annual meeting for the American Sociological a.s.sociation, Boston, July 31a”August 4, 2008).

67. Jenny Stuber, aCla.s.s, Culture, and Partic.i.p.ation in the Collegiate Extra-Curriculum,a Sociological Forum 24 (2009): 889.

68. Ibid.

69. Susan R. Jones and Kathleen E. Hill, aUnderstanding Patterns of Commitment: Student Motivation for Community Service Involvement,a Journal of Higher Education 74 (2003): 516a”39; and Helen M. Marks and Susan R. Jones, aCommunity Service in the Transition: s.h.i.+fts and Continuities in Partic.i.p.ation from High School to College,a Journal of Higher Education 75 (2004): 307a”39.

70. Alexander Astin et al., aHow Service Learning Affects Studentsa (Higher Education Research Inst.i.tute, University of California Los Angeles, 2000).

71. Brint and Rotondi, aStudent Debt.a 72. Labor market partic.i.p.ation in our sample is lower than the national average, but reasonably comparable to that of traditional-age students in four-year inst.i.tutions (see table A1.3 in methodological appendix). However, students in our sample are working fewer hours, which would be expected given that we are relying on volunteers who were willing to dedicate a considerable amount of time to the CLA a.s.sessment.

73. American Council on Education, aMissed Opportunities Revisited: New Information on Students Who Do Not Apply for Financial Aid.a American Council on Education Issue Brief (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: American Council on Education, Center for Policy a.n.a.lysis, 2006).

74. Jacqueline E. King, aCrucial Choice: How Studentsa Financial Decisions Affect Their Academic Successa (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: American Council on Education, Center for Policy a.n.a.lysis, 2002).

75. Kevin Dougherty, aFinancing Higher Education in the United States: Structure, Trends, and Issues.a Address to the Inst.i.tute of Economics of Education, Peking University, May 25, 2004, 21,

76. Brint and Rotondi, aStudent Debt,a 5.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid., 15.

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