Part 12 (1/2)
As the Cold War escalated, some scientists exposed Henrietta's cells to ma.s.sive doses of radiation to study how nuclear bombs destroyed cells and find ways to reverse that damage. Others put them in special centrifuges that spun so fast the pressure inside was more than 100,000 times that of gravity, to see what happened to human cells under the extreme conditions of deep-sea diving or s.p.a.ceflight.
The possibilities seemed endless. At one point, a health-education director at the Young Women's Christian a.s.sociation heard about tissue culture and wrote a letter to a group of researchers saying she hoped they'd be able to use it to help the YWCA's older women. ”They complain that the skin and tissues of the face and neck inevitably show the wear and tear of years,” she wrote. ”My thought was that if you know how to keep tissue alive there must be some way of equalizing the reserve supply to the area of the throat and face.”
Henrietta's cells couldn't help bring youth to women's necks, but cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies throughout the United States and Europe began using them instead of laboratory animals to test whether new products and drugs caused cellular damage. Scientists cut HeLa cells in half to show that cells could live on after their nuclei had been removed, and used them to develop methods for injecting substances into cells without destroying them. They used HeLa to test the effects of steroids, chemotherapy drugs, hormones, vitamins, and environmental stress; they infected them with tuberculosis, salmonella, and the bacterium that causes vaginitis.
At the request of the U.S. government, Gey took Henrietta's cells with him to the Far East in 1953 to study hemorrhagic fever, which was killing American troops. He also injected them into rats to see if they'd cause cancer. But mostly he tried to move on from HeLa, focusing instead on growing normal and cancerous cells from the same patient, so he could compare them to each other. But he couldn't escape the seemingly endless questions about HeLa and cell culture from other scientists. Researchers came to his lab several times each week wanting to learn his techniques, and he often traveled to labs around the world to help set up cell-culture facilities.
Many of Gey's colleagues pressured him to publish research papers so he could get credit for his work, but he always said he was too busy. At home he regularly stayed up all night to work. He applied for extensions on grants, often took months to answer letters, and at one point continued to pay a dead employee's salary for three months before anyone noticed. It took a year of nagging from Mary and Margaret for George to publish anything about growing HeLa; in the end, he wrote a short abstract for a conference, and Margaret submitted it for publication. After that, she regularly wrote and submitted his work for him.
By the mid-fifties, as more scientists began working with tissue culture, Gey became weary. He wrote to friends and colleagues saying, ”Someone should coin a contemporary phrase and say, at least for the moment, 'The world has gone nuts over tissue culture and its possibilities.' I hope that some of this hullabaloo over tissue culture has at least had a few good points which have helped others ... I wish for the most part, however, that things would settle down a bit.”
Gey was annoyed by the widespread fixation on HeLa. After all, there were other cells to work with, including some he'd grown himself: A.Fi. and D-i Re, each named after the patient it came from. He regularly offered them to scientists, but they were harder to culture, so they never took off like Henrietta's cells. Gey was relieved that companies had taken over HeLa distribution so that he didn't have to do it himself, but he didn't like the fact that HeLa was now completely out of his control.
Since the launch of the HeLa production factory at Tuskegee, Gey had been writing a steady stream of letters to other scientists, trying to restrict the way they used Henrietta's cells. At one point he wrote his longtime friend and colleague Charles Pomerat, lamenting the fact that others, including some in Pomerat's lab, were using HeLa for research Gey was ”most capable” of doing himself, and in some cases had already done, but not yet published. Pomerat replied:
With regard to your ... disapproval for a wide exploration of the HeLa strain, I don't see how you can hope to inhibit progress in this direction since you released the strain so widely that it now can be purchased commercially This is a little bit like requesting people not to work on the golden hamster! ... I realize that it is the goodness of your heart that made available the HeLa cell and therefore why you now find that everybody wants to get into the act.
Pomerat suggested that Gey should have finished his own HeLa research before ”releasing [HeLa] to the general public since once released it becomes general scientific property.”
But Gey hadn't done that. And as soon as HeLa became ”general scientific property,” people started wondering about the woman behind the cells.
CHAPTER 14
Helen Lane
So many people knew Henrietta's name, someone was bound to leak it. Gey had told William Scherer and his adviser Jerome Syverton in Minneapolis, plus the people at the NFIP, who'd probably told the team at Tuskegee. Everyone in the Gey lab knew her name, as did Howard Jones, Richard TeLinde, and the other Hopkins doctors who'd treated her.
Sure enough, on November 2, 1953, the Minneapolis Star became the first publication to name the woman behind the HeLa cells. There was just one thing-the reporter got her name wrong. HeLa, the story said, was ”from a Baltimore woman named Henrietta Lakes.”
No one knows who leaked the near-correct version of Henrietta's name to the Minneapolis Star. Soon after the article ran, Gey got a letter from Jerome Syverton, saying, ”I am writing to a.s.sure you that neither Bill nor I provided the [Minneapolis Star] with the name of the patient. As you know, Bill and I concur in your conviction that the cell strain should be referred to as HeLa and that the patient's name should not be used.”
Regardless, a name was out. And two days after it was published, Roland H. Berg, a press officer at the NFIP, sent Gey a letter saying he planned to write a more detailed article about HeLa cells for a popular magazine. Berg was ”intrigued with the scientific and human interest elements in such a story,” he wrote, and he wanted to learn more about it.
Gey replied saying, ”I have discussed the matter with Dr. TeLinde, and he has agreed to allow this material to be presented in a popular magazine article. We must, however, withhold the name of the patient.”
But Berg insisted:
Perhaps I should describe further to you my ideas on this article, especially in view of your statement that the name of the patient must be withheld. ... To inform [the public] you must also interest them. ... You do not engage the attention of the reader unless your story has basic human interest elements. And the story of the HeLa cells, from what little I know of it now, has all those elements. ...
An intrinsic part of this story would be to describe how these cells, originally obtained from Henrietta Lakes, are being grown and used for the benefit of mankind. ... In a story such as this, the name of the individual is intrinsic. As a matter of fact, if I were to proceed with the task my plan would be to interview the relatives of Mrs. Lakes. Nor would I publish the story without the full cooperation and approval of Mrs. Lakes' family. Incidentally, you may not be aware, but the ident.i.ty of the patient is already a matter of public record inasmuch as newspaper reports have completely identified the individual. For example, I can refer you to the story in the Minneapolis Star, dated November 2, 1953.
I am entirely sympathetic to your reasons for withholding the name of the patient and thus prevent a possible invasion of privacy. However, I do believe that in the kind of article I am projecting there would be complete protection of the rights of all individuals.