Part 81 (1/2)

16 Attention is the stuff that race _is_ beauty in action; I say that justice _is_ truth in action

18 If we do not _plant_ knowledge when young it will give us no shade e _are_ old

19 You can no more exercise your reason if you _live_ in constant dread of laughter than you _can enjoy_ your life if you _live_ in constant dread and terror of death

WHICH RELATIVE pronOUN TO USE

+373+ We are sometimes confused as to which relative pronoun to use in introducing an adjective clause We hesitate as to whether we should use _that_ or _who_ or _which_ Remember that _who_ always refers to _persons_, _which_ refers to _anis_, and _that_ s_

So when referring to a _person_, weto _anis_, we may use either _which_ or _that_ As, for example, we may say, either, _The man as here yesterday came back today_, or _The man that was here yesterday came back today_ Either is correct, for _who_ and _that_ both refer to persons

+374+ We may make a little distinction in the use of _who_ and _that_ when referring to _persons_, however A clause introduced by _that_ is usually a restrictive clause It li of the noun which it modifies When you say, _The man that was here yesterday_, youto that particular man On the other hand, when you say, _The man as here yesterday_, there is no restriction or limitation expressed in the use of the clause, but it is e concerning that particular s_ using either _that_ or _which_ The clause introduced by _which_ is presumably a descriptive clause We do, however, often use _who_ or _which_ when the sense of the clause is restrictive, but we should never use _that_ to introduce an adjective clause, unless the sense is restrictive When in your sentences you can use, instead of the relative pronoun _who_ or _which_, the conjunction _and_, you can know that the use of the pronoun _who_ or _which_ is correct As, for example:

I have read the book, _which_ I found very interesting

You could say instead:

I have read the book _and_ I found it very interesting

This would express the sa But if you say: _I have read the book that I found very interesting_, you mean that you limit your idea to this particular book

+375+ We do not always observe these niceties in our spoken and written speech, but it is interesting to know the shades of thought and e The ine and learns to know and love his , can easily recognize the slightest change in the action of his machine His ear catches the least difference in the sound of the running of the machine, a difference which ho do not know and love the e Once we have sensed its beauty and its wondrous power of expression, we notice all these slight differences and shades ofwhich may be expressed by the use of words In just the same manner the musician catches the undertones and overtones of the music, which ho possess an uneducated ear, cannot know; and the artist also has a wondrous range of color, while ho are not sensitive to color, know only a few of the primal colors

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH CONJUNCTIONS

+376+ The adjective clauses which we have been studying so far have been introduced by relative pronouns Adjective clauses may also be introduced by conjunctions, such as, _where_, _when_, _whence_, or _why_ As, for example:

Antwerp is the place where a terrible battle was fought

No roup has a different reason why this world-as precipitated

Note in these sentences the clauses, _where a terrible battle was fought_, _when opportunity will be his_, _why this world-as precipitated_, are all adjective clausesthe nouns _place_, _hour_ and _reason_, and are introduced by the conjunctions _where_, _when_, and _why_ These are adjective clauses because they , the nouns hich they are used You will note that we could omit the nouns in the first two of these sentences and these clauses would become noun clauses, for they would be used in the place of a noun As, for exaht

No man knohen opportunity will be his

+377+ We determine whether a clause is an adjective or an adverb or a noun clause just as we determine whether a word is an adjective, adverb or noun, by the hich it does in a sentence Noun clauses are used in the place of a noun; adverb clauses modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; adjective clauses modify nouns and pronouns

THE LITTLE WORD ”AS”

+378+ Adjective clauses may also be introduced by _as_ _As_ is a very convenient word and may be used in several different ways; sometimes as an adverb, sometimes as a conjunction; and it may also be used as a relative pronoun after _such_, _same_ and _many_ For example:

Such books _as_ you should read are listed here

No such person _as_ he ever ca the same crisis _as_ our coave before