Part 1 (1/2)

SAMUEL BECKETT.

Texts for Nothing and Other Shorter Prose, 19501976.

Edited by Mark Nixon.

Preface.

By 1957, Beckett had revolutionised the world of theatre with Waiting for G.o.dot and Endgame and had also redrawn the boundaries of prose fiction. But the three post-war novels which came to be known as the Trilogy Molloy, Malone Dies and The Unnamable brought him to a textual dead end from which he found it difficult to continue. The final words of that last novel, The Unnamable, 'I can't go on, I'll go on', encapsulate the tensions underlying Beckett's own subsequent literary movements. As he stated in a letter to Mary Hutchinson, 'there seems to be no ”going on”, for me, from the Innommable [The Unnamable]'.1 In many ways, the prose works that Beckett would write over the next forty years were characterised by his sense that they were 'faux departs' ('false starts'); texts which no sooner begun ended in abandonment, or were discarded after a long struggle to find the path to a satisfactory conclusion. Beckett in these years told a friend that there were two rewarding moments in his creative endeavours, the one where he started a text, and the other where it ended in the waste-paper basket.

The difficulty of writing, and Beckett's own sense of failure, rendered a large part of the corpus from these years ultimately incomplete. t.i.tles such as From an Abandoned Work suggest the quality of drafts, elevated to the status of 'finished' works by ever more insistent publishers and public interest.2 Moreover, the compositional processes of these short prose works are intricately connected and intriguingly self-referential; this is no longer a writer who starts and completes a work, but one who across a wide range of texts realises that there is no possibility of completion. As the surviving ma.n.u.scripts from this period show, Beckett would start one text, lay it aside to start another, and then return to the original, or amalgamate the two, or abandon both. 'No matter, fail again, fail better', to quote Worstward Ho, appears to have been the guiding principle. We are thus perhaps not to view these prose pieces as separate, individual ent.i.ties, but as an on-going corpus of writing circling around what From an Abandoned Work calls 'all the variants of the one'. Themes, words, sentences and images resurface again and again across this writing, as well as in the works written for television or theatre.

With the exception of Comment c'est (1961), Beckett's creative landscape in the years after 1950 is littered with ever shorter, ever more pared-down texts, moving towards what the first Fizzle ('He is barehead') calls the 'minima'. One could argue that the Joycean exuberance of the early work of the 1930s and 1940s (aspiring to the master's 'Work in Progress') made way for what Beckett would call his 'work in regress' (note the lower case), the search for a distillation of existential and verbal expression. Moreover, Beckett wrote mostly in French during these years, and then faced the challenge of translating (or rather transmitting) the recalcitrant results into English.

Beckett's failure to find the right way of expressing his failure to express was compounded by the inability of his English language publishers to print his texts with adequate care. As was the case with the journals and newspapers in which many of them first appeared, Beckett's trade publishers in England (John Calder) and America (Grove Press) often failed to meet the challenge of presenting these exacting works. Part of the problem lay precisely in the fact that there were two English language publishers; as Beckett told the English scholar John Fletcher: 'There are often variants between English & American editions because different proofs corrected at different times.'3 A survey of the different publications reveals that Beckett's short prose has frequently appeared in erroneous forms. This is especially regrettable in the case of these particular works, in which the precision of language from repet.i.tion to punctuation and typographical presentation is so crucially important.

The present edition takes an eclectic approach to these texts, in so far as all available material evidence Beckett's ma.n.u.scripts, typescripts, correspondence with publishers, as well as page and galley proofs has been taken into account. The most reliable texts thus far of Beckett's post-war prose are contained in S. E. Gontarski's edition of The Complete Short Prose, 19291989, published by Grove Press in 1995 (hereafter cited as 'Grove 1995'), which has been followed as a base text against which to check the above evidence, being more reliable than Calder's Collected Shorter Prose, 19451980 (hereafter cited as 'Calder 1984'), which is riddled with errors despite the fact that Beckett read proof.

In terms of the ordering of contents, the decision was made to present these prose pieces (as far as possible) by order of composition, while at the same time upholding the 'groupings' seen into print by Beckett.4 This allows the reader to follow Beckett's developing aesthetic and the dialogue established between texts. The only difficulty with this procedure concerns Fizzles (or Foirades in French), consisting of eight distinct short prose texts. As John Pilling has argued, Beckett most probably wrote the first five (in French) as early as 1954. He then proceeded to write 'Se Voir' ('Closed place') in 1968, began writing 'Pour finir encore/For to End Yet Again' in French in 1969 and wrote 'Still' in English in 1972. These texts, written across a span of nearly twenty years, were then brought together in French (as Pour finir encore et autres foirades by Les editions de Minuit) and in English (as For to End Yet Again and Other Fizzles by Calder, and as Fizzles by Grove Press) in 1976, each edition arranging the texts in a different order. By upholding the integrity of this group, their individual interaction with other pieces written in the interim is slightly obscured. (Thus, for example, 'Se Voir/Closed place', written in 1968, essentially reworks Le Depeupleur/The Lost Ones, which Beckett began in 1966 but then abandoned, and only completed with an additional final paragraph in 1970.) Furthermore, we need to remember that all of the so-called Fizzles were published individually in a magazine, before being collected in volume form. The same can be said of many of the works in the present edition. First published as individual slim volumes or in periodicals, they were only later 'collected' in larger gatherings. As his correspondence with publishers makes clear, Beckett acceded to the request for (in John Calder's words) 'acceptably sized volume[s]' by handing over whatever was still unpublished, and allowing texts previously published in limited editions or magazines to be reprinted.5 This is the background to volumes such as No's Knife: Collected Shorter Prose, 19451966 (Calder & Boyars, 1967) and Six Residua (Calder, 1978). At the same time, there is no doubt that Beckett viewed the texts gathered under the t.i.tle Fizzles as belonging together, and the present edition upholds this coherence. I have chosen to place Fizzles according to the composition date of the latest text, though the reader should be mindful that they were written across a period of nearly twenty years.

Texts for Nothing.

Beckett started writing the thirteen Texts for Nothing in French on Christmas Eve 1950, and finished them a year later in late December 1951.6 He had a clear sense of what he was trying to achieve as with the three novels of the Trilogy, the ma.n.u.scripts of the Textes pour rien show remarkably little revision.7 However, the English translation proved a rather more arduous affair, and dragged on, or rather off and on, for nearly fifteen years. He began translating immediately after finis.h.i.+ng the French versions, in December 1951, but abandoned the task a year later. He resumed working on them in 1958 and again in 1963, but only completed the translations of all thirteen texts in December 1966. They first appeared together in English in No's Knife: Collected Shorter Prose, 19451966 (Calder and Boyars, 1967) the t.i.tle is taken from 'Text for Nothing XIII' and in the same year in Stories and Texts for Nothing (Grove Press). Beyond minor issues of spelling, the texts of these stories have remained relatively uncorrupted across subsequent publications, and the current edition makes only two changes.8 In 'Text for Nothing IX', Grove Press editions give 'resumed by old offence', following Beckett's typescript. The current edition gives 'resumed my old offence', following the French original and Calder. In 'Text for Nothing IV', 'in the pit of my inexistence' is restored (Calder 1984 gives 'in the pit of my existence' a reminder that Beckett himself, when reading proof, was capable of missing errors).

The Texts for Nothing are often neglected, but in important ways they enabled Beckett to move beyond the Trilogy to the works of the later years. If the Trilogy still contained a recognisable plot loosely based on the quest narrative, the Texts for Nothing foreground a disintegration that the monologue of a troubled consciousness is unable to remedy. As 'Text for Nothing IV' boldly declares, there is 'no need for a story'. Having written these thirteen texts, Beckett again struggled to find a way to proceed. The ma.n.u.script notebook containing the second half of the French Textes pour rien also contains the drafts of four further prose pieces, all of which were, however, subsequently abandoned. Often mistakenly seen as further 'Texts for Nothing', these pieces differ significantly in terms of nature and tone. They develop a more clearly discernible plot, and they are also longer. Dissatisfied with these drafts, Beckett sought to solve his creative problem by changing language (back to English), a strategy which had served him well after he had started writing in French in 1946. And with his next prose work, From an Abandoned Work, Beckett began to concentrate his ideas in ever-shorter forms.

From an Abandoned Work.

It is difficult to date the composition with any certainty. Beckett later remembered it as written in 1954/1955, but John Pilling convincingly dates its composition to spring/summer 1954. The first work to be written in English after Watt (completed 1945), From an Abandoned Work represents a watershed in Beckett's writing. As Pilling has shown, the text as published is far shorter than the original ma.n.u.script draft, and thus represents one of the first instances of Beckett's later habit of textual distillation and contraction.9 Shot through with an atmosphere of narrative incoherence and arbitrariness, the story deals with the memory of three days recounted by a now old man. It was first published (with considerable editorial revision, and with what Beckett called 'varsity punctuation') in the Dublin undergraduate organ, Trinity News, on 7 June 1956, and (also with errors) in Grove Press's Evergreen Review a year later. The BBC broadcast a cleaned-up version on 14 December 1957 as 'The Meditation', spoken by Patrick Magee, which was subsequently published independently by Faber and Faber in 1958. The text in the present edition differs in one instance from Calder 1984 and Grove 1995 both of which print: 'Now was this my first experience of this kind, that is the question that immediately a.s.sails me' by restoring 'a.s.sails one', in agreement with all the early printings, and as conforming both to the lexical pattern of the text and to Beckett's subsequent French translation; nor is there material evidence that he wanted the change to be made.10 After From an Abandoned Work, Beckett turned his attention to drama, and, with the exception of five of the Foirades/Fizzles, which were consigned to a drawer for nearly twenty years, the only prose work to surface in the next decade was How It Is. This longer piece of fiction remains one of Beckett's most remarkable literary and, considering the psychological effort its composition demanded, emotional achievements. Written as Comment c'est between December 1958 and summer 1960, and translated into English by the end of January 1962, the novel variously antic.i.p.ates the poetic starkness of Beckett's later short prose.

Faux Departs.

In August 1964, Beckett began a new, longish work in English provisionally ent.i.tled 'Fancy Dying'. Ultimately abandoned, it sp.a.w.ned several separate texts of differing degrees of completion. Dating from August or September 1964, and given the overall t.i.tle Faux Departs, four extracts (three in French and one in English) were published in the German literary journal Kursbuch (June 1965). These 'false starts' mark a change in Beckett's prose writing, initiating a series, epitomising what Beckett frequently referred to as 'residual' pieces or 'Residua', that concentrates on the workings of the imagination in order to construct geometrically defined 'closed s.p.a.ces', in which human figures are placed or rather arranged. The opening of the English extract is a version of material found in All Strange Away, while the three French extracts antic.i.p.ate Imagination morte imaginez. Taken together, these brief pa.s.sages represent stages of Beckett's experimentation with a new kind of writing, and their appearance in print showed his increased willingness to allow fragments to be published.

All Strange Away.

All Strange Away grew out of 'Fancy Dying' and represents the first in a series in which objects and figures are arranged and rearranged in confined s.p.a.ces with mathematical precision. It deliberates on the conditions inside this entombed place, paying detailed attention to temperature, lighting and dimensions, as well as to the relations.h.i.+p between silence and sounds, and between degrees of whiteness. The language is minimal, estranged, spa.r.s.e yet suggestive. An elliptical text, All Strange Away responds to the fourth Faux Depart, and was abandoned in early 1965. However, in order to raise money for the widow of the actor Jack McGowran, Beckett returned to it, submitting All Strange Away in 1973 to the Gotham Book Mart for a limited edition ill.u.s.trated by Edward Gorey (published in 1976).

In terms of printing errors, All Strange Away has fared worst of all Beckett's prose texts. All six subsequent reprints introduce new errors, beginning with the version appearing in the Journal of Beckett Studies (1978). Calder's volume publication of All Strange Away (1979) introduced further errors. Beckett corrected several of these when he read proof for Calder in 1984, yet inexplicably Calder reverted to the original and erroneous 1979 text in the later collection of shorter prose ent.i.tled As the Story Was Told (1990). In his notes to Grove 1995, S. E. Gontarski argues that the text printed in Rockaby and Other Short Pieces (Grove, 1981) represents the most stable version, since Beckett ostensibly read proof for this volume.11 However, Grove 1995 at times ignores changes introduced in that volume, reprinting (correctly), for example, 'from ground top of swell' rather than the 1981 'from ground top to swell'.12 Indeed, the proofs for Rockaby and Other Short Pieces are problematic, Beckett having communicated corrections to Grove's publisher, Barney Rosset, by phone.

Imagination Dead Imagine.

When Beckett abandoned All Strange Away early in 1965, he had already been working (this time in French) on a new text, Imagination morte imaginez. Indeed, Imagination Dead Imagine was generated from the textual ruins of All Strange Away, and Beckett referred to it as the 'residual precipitate' of the earlier text. The two works share many similar features, not least the opening words 'Imagination dead imagine' (which also opens the fourth Faux Depart). The French text was finished on 19 March 1965 and published later that year in Les Lettres nouvelles, while the English translation was first published in the Sunday Times of 7 November 1965. The first independent volume publications were by Calder in 1965 and then in Grove's Evergreen Review of February 1966.13 The current edition retains the text of Calder 1984 and Grove 1995, but deviates in one instance, restoring the comma in 'alone are stable, as is stressed', following Beckett's typescript and the Sunday Times text.

Beckett would make the closed s.p.a.ce of Imagination Dead Imagine the focus of his creative endeavours over the following years, in both prose and drama (and television, if one thinks of Ghost Trio). In these works, immobile figures are 'imagined' and positioned by a dying imagination. The detached narration, the mathematical, even scientific tone of observation, connect an abstract and impersonal realm with a residual humanity.

Enough.

In 1968, Beckett told Ruby Cohn that he wrote the prose text Enough 'aberrantly', between Imagination Dead Imagine and Bing.14 Announcing a stark break in its opening line, 'All that goes before forget', it does indeed differ from the two surrounding works, while clearly revisiting familiar territory. In terms of both its unexceptional language and its first-person narrative, Enough is more accessible than the other prose pieces from the 1960s and 1970s, and returns to the journey theme that had marked Beckett's work from the 1950s. Written in French as a.s.sez between September and December 1965 (and published the following year by Les editions de Minuit), the English translation first appeared in the April 1967 issue of Books and Bookmen.

The Lost Ones.

Beckett started a new work, eventually called Le Depeupleur, in October 1965, but after a struggle abandoned it in May 1966. Le Depeupleur would, in turn, generate a host of other texts. However, in a letter dated 21 March 1970, Beckett told Calder that he was now considering publis.h.i.+ng the unfinished work in its entirety. Le Depeupleur duly appeared from Les editions de Minuit in 1970, and Beckett added a concluding paragraph shortly before correcting proofs in May 1970. He translated it into English between September and November 1971, and The Lost Ones was published by Calder and then Grove Press in 1972 (the latter photoset from the former).15 The narrative describes a cylinder containing roughly 200 'little people', all seeking their lost ones, or seeking an exit. The scrutiny of the s.p.a.ce itself, as well as the rules and behaviour governing its inhabitants, is scientific in procedure and impersonal in tone, and further explores the closed s.p.a.ces of All Strange Away and Imagination Dead Imagine.

Ping.