Part 11 (1/2)

The present chapter, then showing the relation of the English to the Anglo-Saxon, shows soeneral_ relation of a lo-Saxon, so are the Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian, to the old Norse; and so are the French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanese and Wallachian to the Latin, and the Romaic to the ancient Greek

-- 97 Contrasted with the English, the Anglo-Saxon has (a differences

NOUNS

1 _Gender_--In Anglo-Saxon there were three genders, the masculine, the feender had its peculiar declension With _substantives_ also there were appropriate terree

2 The definite article varied with the gender of its substantive; _aet eage_, the eye; _se steorra_, the star; _seo tunge_, the tongue

3 _Nulish, was coular teran_, eyes; _steorran_, stars; _tungan_, tongues

Besides this, the Anglo-Saxons had forifts The terlish, was confined to a single gender and to a single declension, as _endas_, ends; _dagas_, days; _smias_, smiths

4 _Case_--Of these the Saxons had, for their substantives, at least three; viz, the noenitive With the pronouns and adjectives there was a true accusative form; and with a few especial words an ablative or instrumental one _Smi_, a smith; _smie_, to a smith; _smies_, of a smith Plural, _smias_, smiths; _smium_, to smiths; _smia_, of smiths: _he_, he; _hine_, him; _him_, to him; _his_, his; _se_, the; _a_, the; _y_, with the; _alo-Saxon_ it was necessary to determine the declension of a substantive There was the weak, or sie_, _steorra_, _tunga_), and the strong declension for words ending in a consonant (_smi_, _spraec_, _leaf_) The letters i and u were dealt with as se dealt with as consonants; so that words like _sunu_ and _gifu_ belonged to the same declension as _smi_ and _spr?c_

6 _Definite and indefinite forlo-Saxon each adjective had two for of this kind in English We say _a good sword_, and _the good sword_ equally In Anglo-Saxon, however, the first combination would be _se Gode sweord_, the second _an God sweord_, the definite foruished from the indefinite by the addition of a vowel

7 _pronouns personal_--The Anglo-Saxon language had for the first two persons a _dual_ number; inflected as follows:

_1st Person_ _2nd Person_ _Nom_ Wit _We two_ _Nom_ Git _Ye two_ _Acc_ Unc _Us two_ _Acc_ Ince _You two_ _Gen_ Uncer _Of us two_ _Gen_ Incer _Of you two_

Besides this, the demonstrative, possessive, and relative pronouns, as well as the numerals _twa_ and _reo_, had a fuller declension than they have at present

VERBS

8 _Mood_--The subjunctive lish (with one exception[41]) differs frolo-Saxon considerably different fro_ 1 Lufige _Plur_ 1 } 2 Lufast 2 } Lufia

3 Lufa 3 }

_Subjunctive Mood_

_Pres Sing_ 1 } _Plur_ 1 } 2 } Lufige 2 } Lufion

3 } 3 }

The Saxon infinitive ended in -an (_lufian_), and besides this there was a so-called gerundial forenne_

Besides these there were considerable differences in respect to particular words; but of these no notice is taken; the object being to indicate the differences between the _ancient_ and _raes a certain amount _of tiests the difficult question as to the _rate_ at which languages change This is different for different languages; but as the investigation belongs to _general_ philology rather than to the particular history of the English language, it finds no place here

-- 98 The extent, however, to which external causes es, is _not_ foreign to our subject; the influence of the Nor a problelance it seems to have been considerable, especially in the way of sirammar Yet the accuracy of this view is by no ainst it are as follows:

a In Friesland no such conquest took place Yet the modern Frisian, as coralish is when colo-Saxon