Volume I Part 22 (2/2)

113. TaeNIOPTERA CORONATA (Vieill.).

(BLACK-CROWNED TYRANT.)

+Taenioptera coronata+, _Burm. La-Plata Reise_, ii. p. 459; _Scl. et Salv. Nomencl._ p. 42; _Durnford, Ibis_, 1877, p. 176 (Buenos Ayres); _White, P. Z. S._ 1882, p. 603 (Buenos Ayres); _Doring, Exp. al Rio Negro, Zool._ p. 42 (R. Colorado); _Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl._ vol. viii. p. 138 (Entrerios). +Xolmis variegata+, _Darw. Zool. Voy. Beagle_, iii. p. 54 (Santa Fe).

_Description._--Above cinereous; rounded summit of head black, broad front and band encircling the black of the head white; wings blackish, upper coverts cinereous, edgings of middle and greater coverts and of outer secondaries whitish; tail blackish, margins of outer webs of external tail-feathers white; beneath white; under wing-coverts and a large portion of the inner webs of the remiges, except of the two outer primaries, white; bill and feet black; whole length 78 inches, wing 46, tail 31. _Female_ similar.

_Hab._ Argentine Republic, Uruguay, and Paraguay.

In this species the s.e.xes are alike. The crown is black and composed of loose feathers; the forehead, and a broad line over the eye which extends nearly round the head, also all the under plumage, pure white; neck and back clear grey; quills black.

This Tyrant is a solitary bird, though often many individuals are found within call of each other, and they sometimes even unite in a loose flock. It is found throughout the Argentine country, ranging south to the Rio Negro, in Patagonia, but abounds most on the Buenos-Ayrean pampas, where it performs a partial migration. Most of the _Taeniopterae_ seek their food by preference on the bare level ground, or where the vegetation is most scanty. This species varies somewhat in habits, and seldom runs on the ground, and chiefly inhabits the desert plains, where the large gra.s.ses flourish. On one occasion when I was with an expedition on the pampas for several weeks, every day a number of these birds would gather and follow us; perched here and there on the tall gra.s.ses with their bosoms toward us, they often looked at a distance like large white flowers. Old gauchos have told me that fifty years ago they were abundant all over the pampas, but have disappeared wherever the giant gra.s.ses have been eaten down, and have given place to a different vegetation.

Their note is a long, low whistle, the usual language of the _Taeniopterae_; but in this species it is very like a human whistle, on account of which the bird is named _Boyero_ (ox-driver) on the pampas.

One severe winter great numbers of them appeared in the neighbourhood of Buenos Ayres, and it was amusing to see the dogs thrown into a great state of excitement by the low whistling notes heard perpetually from all sides. Every few moments they would start up and stare about them to ascertain where the deceptive call came from, and in spite of many disappointments they would occasionally all rush away, loudly barking, into the plantation, convinced that some person there was whistling to call them.

The Black-Crown makes a somewhat shallow nest in a bush or large clump of gra.s.s, and lays four white eggs, with large dark red spots, chiefly at the big end.

I cannot refrain from quoting a pa.s.sage from Mr. Barrows's paper, descriptive of the lively temper and habits of this bird:--

”This species frequently persecutes smaller birds in a way which seems to imply pure love of mischief. One afternoon in July, when the river had fallen some feet after an unusual rise, I was walking along the lines of drift left by the falling water, and watching the different birds which were picking up insects or other food from the wind-rows.

A score or two of the little chestnut-backed _Centrites_ were running about, and here and there a _Taenioptera_ was looking quietly on.

Suddenly I heard a chirp of distress, and looking up saw one of these small birds apparently making every effort to escape from a _Taenioptera_, which was following in full chase. The two birds were hardly a length apart and both going at full speed, doubling and dodging in a way that would have done credit to a bat. The chase lasted perhaps for half a minute, when the smaller bird alighted, and at once the other also alighted and began running about unconcernedly and picking up food.

But the instant the smaller one made a start his enemy was at his heels (or more properly his tail) again, and he was forced to alight. This was repeated so often that I was on the point of shooting the pursuer, when, without any notice, he flew quietly off, and resumed his usual demeanour. It looked like a case of simple spite, for even if there were twenty other birds about, one seemed to be followed without regard to the rest.”

I have often watched _Taeniopterae_ of different species, also _Myiotheretes rufiventris_ behaving in a similar way, and agree with Mr.

Barrows that it is ”an _amus.e.m.e.nt_ in which the larger bird indulges simply for the pleasure derived from the exercise of his power.”

114. TaeNIOPTERA DOMINICANA (Vieill.).

(DOMINICAN TYRANT.)

+Taenioptera dominicana+, _Burm. La-Plata Reise_, ii. p. 460 (Entrerios); _Scl. et Salv. Nomencl._ p. 42; _Durnford, Ibis_, 1877, p. 176 (Buenos Ayres); _White, P. Z. S._ 1883, p. 38 (Buenos Ayres); _Doring, Exp. al Rio Negro, Zool._ p. 42 (Azul, Currumalan); _Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl._ vol. viii. p. 139 (Entrerios, Pigue, Pampas).

_Description._--Above pure white; wings black, with a broad whitish subapical band across the first six primaries, beyond which the tips are blackish; tail black; beneath pure white: whole length 80 inches, wing 46, tail 42. _Female_ similar, but head above and back cinereous.

_Hab._ S.E. Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentine Republic.

This bird ranges from South Brazil and Paraguay to the southernmost pampas of Buenos Ayres. Its total length is eight inches. The wings and tail are black, the former barred with white; all the rest of the plumage in the male is pure white; in the female the upper parts are grey.

It is to some extent migratory, and usually goes in flocks of a dozen or twenty birds, and frequents open situations where there are bushes and trees, also plains covered with giant gra.s.ses. They are more social in their habits than _T. coronata_, but in other respects closely resemble it, and are exceedingly active lively birds, and when the flock is on the wing continually pursue each other in a playful manner.

Mr. Barrows observed them in autumn on the Pigue (southern pampas) preparing for their migration. ”Late in March,” he says, ”we found them in large scattered flocks, which collected in one place toward evening, and went through a series of aerial evolutions accompanied with vocal exercises of a varied and entertaining kind, lasting half an hour or more.

”I presume this was in preparation for their northward (or westward?) migration, as we did not see them again after leaving this spot.”

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