Part 65 (1/2)
=Responsible Government.= The period of responsible government in Canada dates from the union of 1841; in Nova Scotia, from 1848; in New Brunswick, the same year; in Prince Edward Island, 1851. The agitation for responsible government, from its very nature, cannot be limited to an exact period. It was a gradual growth, whose roots ran back almost to the beginning of the period of British rule in Canada. The Quebec Act of 1774, the Const.i.tutional Act of 1791, the Ninety-Two Resolutions of 1834, the Rebellion of 1837, and Durham's Report, were mile-stones on the road to responsible government. =Index=: =Mc= Rattray on, 5, 6; Lord John Russell on, 19, 20; resolution refusing, pa.s.sed by Imperial House, 20; Lord Glenelg opposes, 21; Erskine May's review, 21; Bond Head on, 22; Lord Durham justified in demanding, 61, 67-69; the ”true remedy,”
61, 63; Durham's Report favours, 81; Mackenzie urges, 81; Mackenzie advocates, 148, 166, 177, 244, 279; Seventh Report on Grievances, 273; Lord Glenelg on, 279-286; Lord Russell opposes, 325; comes at last, 409; May on value of, 490. =Md= Its principles accepted in Act of Union in 1840, 17, 22; established under Elgin, 32-33; principles of, outlined by Lord Grey in despatch to Sir John Harvey, 47-50. =W= History of movement for, in New Brunswick, 99-130. =Sy= Effects of its introduction foreseen, 81; not fully understood, 82, 107; idea opposed in reports of committees of both Houses of Upper Canada Legislature, 100-103; Sydenham's great tact in dealing with question of, 104; limited views of its more ardent advocates, 105, 230; open to theoretical objections, 105-107; advocated by Hincks and Howe, 107; problem not theoretically solved, 108; responsible government favoured by French-Canadians, 117; opposed by English element in Lower Canada, 117; favoured by Reform party in Upper Canada, 117; agitation on subject of, 124; Sir George Arthur opposes, 125; inhabitants of Gore district pa.s.s resolutions in favour of, 125; Lord John Russell's despatch on the subject, 169-172; misunderstood by Conservatives and Reformers alike, 172, 173, 219, 230; absence of, in Canada, 175, 176; Russell's despatch on tenure of office brings it nearer, 184; the sole issue on which Reformers were united, 185; could be introduced only gradually, 189; not clearly defined in Durham's Report, 223; Sydenham's view of, 224; excitement on the subject diminis.h.i.+ng, 225; unity in the Cabinet a necessary condition of, 227-229; question of, in Nova Scotia, 257-264; French-Canadians indifferent to, 305; appreciation of, in Upper Canada, 305; resolutions on, adopted by Legislative a.s.sembly, 310, 311. =B= Explained in the _Banner_, 9; Durham's remedy for political unrest, 12; withheld by Metcalfe, 20-25; introduced by Elgin, 33, 35; Hincks's and Morin's services in cause of, 67; George Brown's views on, 67. =C= La Fontaine's fight for, 97; Lord Elgin's good work for, 98. =H= Fight for, in Nova Scotia, 18-19, 30-31; only partially conceded by Union Act of 1841, 53; triumph of, in Nova Scotia, 111; in Canada, 111; Sir John Harvey on, 112-113; Joseph Howe's fight for. _See_ Howe. =BL= Baldwin's ”one idea,”
ix; the corner-stone of the British Imperial system, ix; evolution of, in Canada, ix; impossible in early days of British rule, 1-2; Head calls it the ”smooth-faced insidious doctrine,” 38; the desire for, at the root of both const.i.tutional and armed movements in Canada, 52; recommended by Durham, 56-58; advocated by Hincks in the _Examiner_, 58; Union Bill identified with, by Reformers of Upper Canada, 61; Sydenham's views on, 64-67; favoured by La Fontaine, 70; discussion on, in Legislature of 1841, 90-95; the Baldwin resolutions, 108-110; history of, 137-143. _See also_ Brown, George; Howe, Joseph; Baldwin, Robert; Hincks, Sir Francis; La Fontaine, Sir L. H.; Elgin, Earl of; Head, Sir F. B.; Sydenham; Metcalfe; Bagot; Durham; Stanley; Papineau, L. J.; Cartier, Sir G. E.; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Twelve Resolutions; Representative government; Const.i.tutional Act, 1791; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867; Mackenzie, W. L.; Union of 1840.
=Bib.=: Bourinot, _Const.i.tutional History of Canada_; Shortt and Doughty, _Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Durham, _Report_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.
=Revenue.= =Mc= Casual and territorial, how derived and appropriated, 54-55; subject of contention, 55. =Sy= Control of, contended for by provincial a.s.semblies, 84; division of, between Upper and Lower Canada, gives rise to dispute, 93. =W= Disputes over disposition of, in New Brunswick, 16-30, 35-39, 44-47, 92.
=Revue Canadienne.= Established in Montreal, in 1865. This important French-Canadian magazine contains an immense amount of valuable material bearing on the history and literature of Quebec. Its contributors have embraced most of the ablest writers of the province during the past half century.
=Reye, Pierre.= =Ch= Sides with the Kirkes, 194; his character bad, 204.
=Rheaume, Colonel.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
=Rhodes, Cecil John= (1853-1902). Born at Bishop Stortford, England.
Educated at Oxford. Went to South Africa, 1871, and made a fortune in the diamond mines. Entered the a.s.sembly of Cape Colony, 1881, and became a member of the Executive Council, 1884, as treasurer-general. Appointed deputy-commissioner of Bechuana Land, 1884. Organized the British South Africa Company, 1889. Premier of Cape Colony, 1890-1896. Left the greater part of his fortune for the establishment of scholars.h.i.+ps at Oxford University, open to university students in each of the British colonies, the United States, and Germany. =Index=: =Md= Letter from, to Macdonald suggesting Imperial preferential trade, 343; makes same suggestion to Sir Henry Parkes of Australia, 343. =Bib.=: Hensman, _Cecil Rhodes: a Study of a Career_; Scholz, _Oxford and the Rhodes Scholars.h.i.+ps_.
=Riall, Sir Phineas.= Entered the army, 1794; lieutenant-colonel, 1806; saw service in the West Indies. In 1813 attained the rank of major-general and ordered to Canada. Took part in the contest on the Niagara frontier; in command of the British troops at the battle of Chippawa. Appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; lieutenant-general, 1825; knighted, 1833; general, 1841. Died at Paris, 1851. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Rice, Spring.= _See_ Monteagle, Lord.
=Richard, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, in charge of mission at Miscou and afterwards at Chedabucto, 235, 237.
=Richards, Sir William Buell= (1815-1889). Born in Brockville, Ontario.
Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1837. Elected a member of the Upper Canada a.s.sembly, 1848; appointed to the Executive Council, 1851; Q.C., 1850; puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1853; chief-justice of that Court, 1863; chief-justice of Ontario, 1868; arbitrator for Ontario on the commission to delimit the north-western boundary of the province, 1874; chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; knighted, 1878; awarded the confederation medal, 1885.
=Index=: =E= Returned in 1848, 50; attorney-general of Upper Canada, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; elevated to the bench, 126; first chief-justice of Supreme Court of Canada, 128. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Richardson, James= (1791-1875). Entered the provincial marine, 1809, and served through the War of 1812. Entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1824. Became editor of the _Christian Guardian_, 1832, and secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1837. Consecrated bishop, 1858. =Index=: =B= Asked to enter religious controversy in Upper Canada, 68; elected editor of _Christian Guardian_, 94; in the internal troubles among the Methodists, 105. =Bib.=: Webster, _Life of Rev. James Richardson_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Richardson, John= (1796-1852). Born near Niagara Falls, Ontario. In 1812 served during the war in the Canadian militia; at the battle of the Thames taken prisoner; released; and afterwards entered the British army. =Index=: =BL= Cited on Baldwin, 64; quoted on Hincks, 105; on Bagot, 153. =Bk= His _War of 1812_ quoted, 236; describes encounter at Maguaga, 238-242; describes attack on Detroit, 252, 254. =Bib.=: Works: _War of 1812_, 1842; new ed., edited by Ca.s.selman, 1902; _Wacousta; Ecarte_; _The Canadian Brothers_. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._ _See also_ introduction to _War of 1812_, ed. by Ca.s.selman.
=Richardson, Sir John= (1787-1865). Born in Dumfries, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. In 1807 entered the navy as a.s.sistant surgeon, and took part in the attack on Copenhagen. In 1816 obtained the degree of M.D. from Edinburgh; and in 1819 appointed surgeon and naturalist in Franklin's Arctic expedition, spending the winter of that year in the Saskatchewan district. In 1821 the party reached Fort Providence, and in October, 1822, returned to England. In 1825 accompanied Franklin on his second expedition to the north. In 1838 appointed physician to the Royal Hospital at Haslar; in 1840 inspector of hospitals; and in 1846 knighted. Placed in command of an expedition sent to search for Franklin in 1848, but returned to England without finding any trace of the explorer. =Bib.=: Works: _Arctic Searching Expedition_; _Fauna Boreali Americana_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de= (1585-1642). Born in France.
In 1607 bishop of Lucon; entered politics, and in 1616 secretary of state for war and foreign affairs. In 1622 created cardinal; in 1624 councillor of state, and from that time till his death practically dictator of France. The founder of the French Academy. =Index=: =E= Introduces modified form of feudal system into Canada, 175. =L= Provides for maintenance of missionaries, 4; strong measures of, to strengthen royal power, 18. =F= Creates Company of New France, 19. =Ch= Founder of the Company of New France, 168; heads list of members, 170. =Bib.=: _Correspondence and State Papers_, 1853-1877. _See_ lives or political biographies by Hanotaux, Dussieux, f.a.gniez, Lodge.
=Richelieu District.= In the Province of Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Parishes in, show marked sympathy with Americans, 89.
=Richelieu Islands.= Near mouth of Richelieu River. =Index=: =Ch= A trading place, 120, 245.
=Richelieu River.= Rises in Bennington county, Vermont, and flows into the St. Lawrence, after a course of 210 miles. Discovered by Champlain in 1609, who in that year ascended the river to Lake Champlain. It was at first known as the Riviere des Iroquois, and has at different times borne the names of Chambly, St. Louis, and Sorel. =Index=: =F= Highway to Iroquois country, 9; fort erected at mouth of, 51. =C= Scenes of patriarchal life along, 118-121. =P= In Rebellion of 1837, 128-134.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; White, _Atlas of Canada_.
=Richer, Jean.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.
=Richibucto.= =Ch= Jesuit mission at, 234.
=Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of= (1735-1806). Graduated at Leyden, 1753; entered the army, and distinguished himself at Minden, 1759; amba.s.sador at Paris, 1765; secretary of state, 1766-1767; member of Pitt's Cabinet, 1783. =Index=: =Dr= Carleton appointed as preceptor to, 30. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Richmond, Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of= (1764-1819). Entered Parliament, 1790; privy councillor, 1807; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1807-1813; governor-general of British North America, 1818-1819. Died near Richmond, Upper Canada. =Index=: =E= An unsuccessful governor, 2; his death at Richmond, 2. =P= Quiet rule of, 39. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.
=Rickson, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =WM= Wolfe's letter to, 72.