Part 38 (1/2)
=Bib.=: Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.
=Inglis, John.= =MS= Opposes sale by Hudson's Bay Company of land in Red River valley to Selkirk, 146.
=Ingraham, Captain.= =D= Explores coast of Queen Charlotte Islands in 1791, 25; describes geography and natural history of the islands and language, manners, and customs of the natives, 25.
=Innocent XI, Pope= (1611-1689). Benedetto Odescalchi; elected pope, 1676. =Index=: =L= Misunderstanding with Louis XIV, 20.
=Inst.i.tut Canadien.= A literary and scientific society, founded at Montreal in 1844, and incorporated in 1852. It included among its early members most of the leaders of the more progressive and independent element in Quebec political life, among them A. A. Dorion, Eric Dorion, Joseph Doutre, Rodolphe Laflamme, and Wilfrid Laurier. The success of the parent society led to the founding of similar Inst.i.tuts throughout the province. Although popular among the laity, these societies encountered the determined opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, led by Bishop Bourget of Montreal. The outside societies yielded to clerical pressure, but the Montreal Inst.i.tut stood upon its rights. The fight went on for many years, but finally most of the Roman Catholic members dropped out, and the books and papers were transferred to the Fraser Inst.i.tute. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.
=Intendant.= An office created originally by Richelieu, in France, and transferred to New France. The first intendant of Canada was Robert, appointed in 1663, who was succeeded two years later by the ablest occupant of the office, Jean Talon. The intendant was charged with the supervision of practically all the civil affairs of the colony, including the administration of justice, but his most important function, from the point of view of the court, was to act as a virtual spy upon the acts of the governor. Inevitably, harmony was impossible between these two officials, and the history of New France is punctuated with their perpetual quarrels. =Index=: =F= Jean Talon appointed as, 51; office revived, 105; Jacques d.u.c.h.esneau appointed, 108; Jacques de Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207. _See also_ under names of individual intendants. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Old Regime_; Munro, _The Office of Intendant in New France_ in _The American Historical Review_, October, 1906.
=Intendant's Palace.= =Bk= In Quebec, completely destroyed in siege of 1775, 90.
=Intemperance.= =S= A prevailing vice in Upper Canada, 71, 72. _See_ Liquor question; Brandy question.
=Intercolonial Railway.= Surveys proposed by the government of Canada in 1863. Three engineers were to be appointed, one by the Imperial government, one by Canada, and one by the Maritime Provinces. They all nominated the same man, Sandford Fleming, by whom the surveys were accordingly carried out. The railway was made a condition of the union of the Maritime Provinces with Canada, and the work of construction was pushed forward, the line being formally opened July 1, 1876. In 1871 the Prince Edward Island Railway was begun, and in 1873 it became a portion of the Intercolonial system. Other extensions and branches were built or acquired, the line finally running from Sydney and Halifax to Montreal.
=Index=: =Md= Negotiations for, begun, 45, 117; arranged for, by British North America Act, 151; difficulty in selecting route, 152,153; northern route finally adopted, 153. =E= Project to combine with Grand Trunk, 100; history of negotiations after failure of larger scheme, 100-101.
=H= Recommended in Durham's Report, 118; company formed in London, 118-119; ”Robinson Line” surveyed, 119; Joseph Howe's connection with (_see_ under Howe); new route proposed, 141-143; Imperial guarantee refused, 143. =BL= Brought under consideration, 1849, 287; Hincks on, 332. =B= Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, 143; George Brown a convert to the scheme, 166; opposed by Dorion, 175. =C= Cartier advocates roundabout route, for military and political reasons, 49-50; Major Robinson's report, 49. =T= Proposal to build through St. John Valley, 26; delegates consult British government, 26; arrangements made with Jackson. 27; British government refuses to guarantee interest, 45; St. John to Shediac line, 46-47; history of, 53-58, 90, 111-112, 116, 119, 122. =Bib.=: Fleming, _The Intercolonial_; Fleming, _Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial Railway_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2.
=Interpreters.= =Ch= Brule, Marsolet, _et al._, 144.
=Irish Immigrants.= =E= Measures for their relief, 1847-1848, 46-47; bring plague to Canada, 47-48; prominent victims, 48; Elgin persuades British government to reimburse Canada for expenses incurred in relief work. 48-49.
=Iroquet.= Algonquian chief. =Index=: =Ch= Urges Champlain to attack the Iroquois, 48; his son meets Champlain, 51; a leader of the Hurons, 69; chief of the Pet.i.te Nation--captures small party of Iroquois, 102; adopts an Iroquois prisoner as his son, 104. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.
=Iroquois.= A confederation of tribes, at first five, the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, to which the Tuscarora was added after 1726, as well as the remnants of many other tribes. They were known to the English colonists as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations. They called themselves _Ongwanonsionni_, ”we are of the extended lodge.” When they first came into contact with Europeans, they occupied the country between Lake Champlain and the Genesee River, and this remained their home territory, but they ranged far and wide, carrying their conquering raids eastwards to the Kennebec, westwards to Lake Michigan, north to the Hudson Bay watershed, and south to the Tennessee. They numbered about 16,000 in 1677, and after dropping to 10,000 in the next century, they returned to their original strength at the opening of the twentieth century. About two-thirds are on reservations in Canada; the remainder in New York. =Index=: =F= Champlain joins Hurons and Algonquians in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly exterminate Hurons, 26, 35; demand establishment of French colony in their country, 40; their confederacy, of what tribes composed, 41; attack remnant of Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; checked at Long Sault on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard and his companions, 44; Governor Courcelles marches against, 52; similar expedition led by Tracy, 53; invited by Frontenac to conference, 79; consent to make a peace including Indian allies of French, 82; under La Barre's administration, seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's expedition against, 183; Denonville's, 207-214; capture of a number of peaceful Iroquois for king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; ma.s.sacre of Lachine, 224; send envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence, 239; worsted in skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of Schenectady ma.s.sacre, 248; ill-treat emba.s.sy from Frontenac, 262; renew their attacks, 307; party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three prisoners burnt alive, 309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319; expedition against (Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga orator, Teganissorens (Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against, 350. =Ch= Champlain a.s.sists his Indian allies against, 49; originally settled on the St.
Lawrence, 50; form great confederation of five tribes, 50; attacked by Montaignais, a.s.sisted by Champlain, near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; again, by Hurons, a.s.sisted by Champlain, on the Oswego River, 102; make an attack near Quebec, 139; emba.s.sy sent to, 163. =Hd= Destroy mission at Three Rivers, 43; in general alliance with British, 148; country of, pillaged by Butler's Rangers, 151. =WM= Traditional foes of the French, 16. =L= Destroy Huron mission, 5; converted settlements of, 9; their extermination of the Hurons, 39; heroic resistance offered to, at the Long Sault, 72; depredations committed by, 191; La Barre's expedition against, 193; threatening att.i.tude of, 213; Denonville's expedition against, 215; negotiations with, 216; descend on Lachine, 225; ravage surrounding country, 227; Frontenac marches against, 233. =Bk= Their lands encroached upon by Americans, 149; attacked by United States troops at Tippecanoe, 174-176; their bitter sense of wrong, 177; obtain grant of land on the Grand River, 189; effect on, of Hull's advance into Canada, 214; greatly impressed by the capture of Detroit, 263.
_See_ Senecas; Mohawks; Onondagas; Cayugas; Oneidas. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_; Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_; Colden, _History of the Five Nations_; McKenzie, _The Six Nations Indians in Canada_; Hale, _Iroquois Book of Rites_; Parkman, _Old Regime_, _Jesuits in North America_, _Frontenac_, and _Half Century of Conflict_; Fiske, _New France and New England_.
=Irving, Jacob aemilius= (1797-1856). Born at Charleston, South Carolina.
Entered the army at an early age; severely wounded at Waterloo; presented with freedom of Liverpool for gallant conduct during the French war. Came to Canada, 1834; served during the Rebellion of 1837; appointed first warden for the district of Simcoe; appointed to the Legislative Council of Canada, 1843. =Index=: =BL= Appointed to Legislative Council, Upper Canada, 177. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Irving, Paulus aemilius= (1714-1796). Served under Wolfe at Quebec; administered government of Canada, 1765; appointed lieutenant-governor of Guernsey, 1771; and afterwards governor of Upnor Castle, Kent.
=Index=: =Dr= Becomes administrator, 23; protests, as member of Council, against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Isbister, Alexander K.= (1820-1883). Born in the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company; employed by the Company, 1838-1840, in the Mackenzie River district. Went to England, about 1841; educated there, and practised law in London. A half-breed himself, he ably pressed the cause of the Indians and half-breeds upon the attention of the British government. Also gave evidence before the parliamentary Committee of 1857. For some years master of the Stationers' School in England and Dean of the College of Preceptors. Left a large sum of money to found scholars.h.i.+ps in connection with the University of Manitoba. =Index=: =B= A native of the North-West Territories--his good work on behalf of the Red River Settlement, 212; Brown's high opinion of, 212; suggests annexation by Canada of western territory, 213. =Bib.=: _Report on Hudson's Bay Company_, 1857; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Isis.= =Dr= British war vessel, arrival of, 137.
=Isle aux Noix.= On the Richelieu River. =Index=: =Hd= Fortifications of, 125, 133; Sherwood and Ira Allen in conference at, 204; refugees transported to, 250.
=Jack, William Brydone= (1819-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at St.
Andrews University. Came to New Brunswick as professor of mathematics at King's College, 1840. When King's College received its charter as University of New Brunswick in 1861, appointed president. Retired from office, 1885.
=Jackson.= =T= British Member of Parliament, and capitalist, his company offers to build railways in New Brunswick, 26; visits the province, 27; agreement with government, 27.
=Jackson, Francis James= (1770-1814). British diplomatist. =Index=: =Bk= Succeeds W. Erskine as British minister at Was.h.i.+ngton, 122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._