Part 27 (2/2)
[Illustration: 686 Horse-power Babcock & Wilcox Boiler and Superheater in Course of Erection at the Quincy, Mass, Station of the Bay State Street Railway Co]
LIQUID FUELS AND THEIR COMBUSTION
Petroleum is practically the only liquid fuel sufficiently abundant and cheap to be used for the generation of steaes over coal and is extensively used in many localities
There are three kinds of petroleu on distillation: 1st, paraffin; 2nd, asphalt; 3rd, olefine To the first group belong the oils of the Appalachian Range and the Middle West of the United States These are a dark brown in color with a greenish tinge Upon their distillation such a variety of valuable light oils are obtained that their use as fuel is prohibitive because of price
To the second group belong the oils found in Texas and California These vary in color froely as fuel
The third group comprises the oils froely for fuel purposes
The light and easily ignited constituents of petroleuasolene and kerosene, are oftenti of greater value for other purposes than for use as fuel This partial distillation does not decrease the value of petroleum as a fuel; in fact, the residuuher calorific value than petroleuher flash point, it may be more safely handled
Statements made with reference to petroleueneral crude oil consists of carbon and hydrogen, though it also contains varying quantities of en, arsenic, phosphorus and silt The moisture containedupon the care taken to separate the water fro from the well As in any fuel, this moisture affects the available heat of the oil, and in contracting for the purchase of fuel of this nature it is well to lie portion of any containedand for this reason sufficient storage capacity should be supplied to provide ti approxie of moisture in crude oil which hter oils, is as follows A burette graduated into 200 divisions is filled to the 100100 divisions with the oil, which should be slightly warether and any shrinkage below the 200 mark filled up with oil The mixture should then be allowed to stand in a war which the water and silt will settle to the bottoe by volume can then be correctly read on the burette divisions, and the percentage by weight calculated froly approximate and where accurate results are required it should not be used For such work, the distillation method should be used as follows:
Gradually heat 100 cubic centimeters of the oil in a distillation flask to a terade; collect the distillate in a graduated tube andwater Such a method insures co froasolene Two samples checked by the two ave,
_Distillation_ _Dilution_ _Per Cent_ _Per Cent_ 871 625 882 626
TABLE 46
COMPOSITION AND CALORIFIC VALUE OF VARIOUS OILS
+-------------------------+-----+-----+----+--------+----+---+--------+-----+------------------------+ | Kind of Oil | C | H | S | O |SG|FP | H2O |Btu |Authority | +-------------------------+-----+-----+----+--------+----+---+--------+-----+------------------------+ |California, Coaling | | | | |927|134| |17117|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |California, Bakersfield | | | | |975| | |17600|Wade | |California, Bakersfield | | |130| |992| | |18257|Wade | |California, Kern River | | | | |950|140| |18845|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |California, Los Angeles | | |256| | | | |18328|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |California, Los Angeles | | | | |957|196| |18855|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |California, Los Angeles || | | |977| | 40 |18280|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |California, Monte Christo| | | | |966|205| |18878|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |California, Whittier | | | 98| |944| |106 |18507|Wade | |California, Whittier | | | 72| |936| |106 |18240|Wade | |California |8504|1152|245| 99[44]| | |140 |17871|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |California |8152|1151| 55|692[44]| |230| |18667|USN Liquid Fuel Board| |California | | | 87| | | | 95 |18533|Blasdale | |California | | | | |891|257| |18655|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |California | | |245| |973| |150[45]|17976|O'Neill | |California | | |246| |975| |132 |18104|Shepherd | |Texas, Beaumont |846 |109 |163|287 |924|180| |19060|USN Liquid Fuel Board| |Texas, Beaumont |833 |124 | 50|383 |926|216| |19481|USN Liquid Fuel Board| |Texas, Beaumont |850 |123 |175| 92[44]| | | |19060|Denton | |Texas, Beaumont |861 |123 |160| |942| | |20152|Sparkes | |Texas, Beaumont | | | | |903|222| |19349|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |Texas, Sabine | | | | |937|143| |18662|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |Texas |8715|1233|032| |908|370| |19338|U S N | |Texas |8729|1232|043| |910|375| |19659|U S N | |Ohio |834 |147 |06 |13 | | | |19580| | |Pennsylvania |849 |137 | |14 |886| | |19210|Booth | |West Virginia |843 |141 | |16 |841| | |21240| | |Mexico | | | | |921|162| |18840|Babcock & Wilcox Co | |Russia, Baku |867 |129 | | |884| | |20691|Booth | |Russia, Novorossick |849 |116 | |346 | | | |19452|Booth | |Russia, Caucasus |866 |123 | |110 |938| | |20138| | |Java |871 |120 | | 9 |923| | |21163| | |Austria, Galicia |822 |121 |57 | |870| | |18416| | |Italy, Parma |840 |134 |18 | |786| | | | | |Borneo |857 |110 | |331 | | | |19240|Orde | +-------------------------+-----+-----+----+--------+----+---+--------+-----+------------------------+
C = Per Cent Carbon H = Per Cent Hydrogen S = Per Cent Sulphur O = Per Cent Oxygen SG = Specific Gravity FP = Degrees Flash Point H_{2}O = Per Cent Moisture Btu = B t u Per Pound
Calorific Value--A pound of petroleum usually has a calorific value of from 18,000 to 22,000 B t u If an ultie saen 2 per cent, and assuen as water, the analysis would becoen 1375 per cent, water 225 per cent, and the heat value per pound including its contained water would be,
Carbon 8400 14,600 = 12,264 B t u
Hydrogen 1375 62,100 = 8,625 B t u
------[Should be 1375 x 62,000 = 8,525]
Total 20,889 B t u[Would be Total = 20,789]
The nitrogen in petroleum varies from 0008 to 10 per cent, while the sulphur varies from 007 to 30 per cent
Table 46, coives the composition, calorific value and other data relative to oil from different localities
The flash point of crude oil is the teases While inforer, it is, nevertheless, a question of ieneral it ht oils have a low, and the heavy oils a her flash point A division is soravity of 085, with a stateravity is below this point the flash point is below 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and where it is above, the flash point is above 60 degrees Fahrenheit There are, however, many exceptions to this rule As the flash point is lower the danger of ignition or explosion beco the oils with a low flash point to avoid this danger On the other hand, because the flash point is high is no justification for carelessness in handling those fuels With proper precautions taken, in general, the use of oil as fuel is practically as safe as the use of coal
Gravity of Oils--Oils are frequently classified according to their gravity as indicated by the Beaume hydrometer scale Such a classification is by no means an accurate measure of their relative calorific values
Petroleues of the use of oil fuel over coalisfed by sieneral labor saving throughout the plant in the elimination of stokers, coal passers, ash handlers, etc