Part 14 (2/2)

Table 22 gives the heat units contained in water above 32 degrees Fahrenheit at different teives the properties of saturated steaives the properties of superheated steam at various pressures and temperatures

These tables are based on those coenerally accepted as being the most correct

TABLE 23

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM

REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION FROM MARKS AND DAVIS ”STEAM TABLES AND DIAGRAMS”

(Copyright, 1909, by Longmans, Green & Co) ____________________________________________________________________ |Pressure,| Temper- |Specific Vol-|Heat of |Latent Heat|Total Heat| | Pounds |ature De-| urees F | per Pound | B t u | B t u | B t u | |_________|_________|_____________|___________|___________|__________| | 1 | 10183 | 3330 | 698 | 10346 | 11044 | | 2 | 12615 | 1735 | 940 | 10210 | 11150 | | 3 | 14152 | 1185 | 1094 | 10123 | 11216 | | 4 | 15301 | 905 | 1209 | 10057 | 11265 | | 5 | 16228 | 7333 | 1301 | 10003 | 11305 | | 6 | 17006 | 6189 | 1379 | 9958 | 11337 | | 7 | 17685 | 5356 | 1447 | 9918 | 11365 | | 8 | 18286 | 4727 | 1508 | 9882 | 11390 | | 9 | 18827 | 4236 | 1562 | 9850 | 11411 | | 10 | 19322 | 3838 | 1611 | 9820 | 11431 | | 11 | 19775 | 3510 | 1657 | 9792 | 11449 | | 12 | 20196 | 3236 | 1699 | 9766 | 11465 | | 13 | 20587 | 3003 | 1738 | 9742 | 11480 | | 14 | 20955 | 2802 | 1775 | 9719 | 11494 | | 15 | 2130 | 2627 | 1810 | 9697 | 11507 | | 16 | 2163 | 2479 | 1844 | 9676 | 11520 | | 17 | 2194 | 2338 | 1875 | 9656 | 11531 | | 18 | 2224 | 2216 | 1905 | 9637 | 11542 | | 19 | 2252 | 2107 | 1934 | 9618 | 11552 | | 20 | 2280 | 2008 | 1961 | 9600 | 11562 | | 22 | 2331 | 1837 | 2013 | 9567 | 11580 | | 24 | 2378 | 1693 | 2061 | 9535 | 11596 | | 26 | 2422 | 1572 | 2106 | 9506 | 11612 | | 28 | 2464 | 1467 | 2148 | 9478 | 11626 | | 30 | 2503 | 1374 | 2188 | 9451 | 11639 | | 32 | 2541 | 1293 | 2226 | 9425 | 11651 | | 34 | 2576 | 1222 | 2262 | 9401 | 11663 | | 36 | 2610 | 1158 | 2296 | 9377 | 11673 | | 38 | 2642 | 1101 | 2329 | 9355 | 11684 | | 40 | 2673 | 1049 | 2361 | 9333 | 11694 | | 42 | 2702 | 1002 | 2391 | 9312 | 11703 | | 44 | 2731 | 959 | 2420 | 9292 | 11712 | | 46 | 2758 | 920 | 2448 | 9272 | 11720 | | 48 | 2785 | 884 | 2475 | 9253 | 11728 | | 50 | 2810 | 851 | 2501 | 9235 | 11736 | | 52 | 2835 | 820 | 2526 | 9217 | 11743 | | 54 | 2859 | 791 | 2551 | 9199 | 11750 | | 56 | 2882 | 765 | 2575 | 9182 | 11757 | | 58 | 2905 | 740 | 2598 | 9165 | 11764 | | 60 | 2927 | 717 | 2621 | 9149 | 11770 | | 62 | 2949 | 695 | 2643 | 9133 | 11776 | | 64 | 2970 | 675 | 2664 | 9118 | 11782 | | 66 | 2990 | 656 | 2685 | 9102 | 11788 | | 68 | 3010 | 638 | 2706 | 9087 | 11793 | | 70 | 3029 | 620 | 2726 | 9072 | 11798 | | 72 | 3048 | 604 | 2745 | 9058 | 11804 | | 74 | 3067 | 589 | 2765 | 9044 | 11809 | | 76 | 3085 | 574 | 2783 | 9030 | 11814 | | 78 | 3103 | 560 | 2802 | 9017 | 11818 | | 80 | 3120 | 547 | 2820 | 9003 | 11823 | | 82 | 3138 | 534 | 2838 | 8990 | 11828 | | 84 | 3154 | 522 | 2855 | 8977 | 11832 | | 86 | 3171 | 510 | 2872 | 8964 | 11836 | | 88 | 3187 | 500 | 2889 | 8952 | 11840 | | 90 | 3203 | 489 | 2905 | 8939 | 11844 | | 92 | 3218 | 479 | 2921 | 8927 | 11848 | | 94 | 3234 | 469 | 2937 | 8915 | 11852 | | 96 | 3249 | 460 | 2953 | 8903 | 11856 | | 98 | 3264 | 451 | 2968 | 8892 | 11860 | | 100 | 3278 | 4429 | 2983 | 8880 | 11863 | | 105 | 3314 | 4230 | 3020 | 8852 | 11872 | | 110 | 3348 | 4047 | 3055 | 8825 | 11880 | | 115 | 3381 | 3880 | 3090 | 8798 | 11888 | | 120 | 3413 | 3726 | 3123 | 8772 | 11896 | | 125 | 3444 | 3583 | 3155 | 8747 | 11903 | | 130 | 3474 | 3452 | 3186 | 8723 | 11910 | | 135 | 3503 | 3331 | 3217 | 8699 | 11916 | | 140 | 3531 | 3219 | 3246 | 8676 | 11922 | | 145 | 3558 | 3112 | 3274 | 8654 | 11928 | | 150 | 3585 | 3012 | 3302 | 8632 | 11934 | | 155 | 3610 | 2920 | 3329 | 8610 | 11940 | | 160 | 3636 | 2834 | 3356 | 8588 | 11945 | | 165 | 3660 | 2753 | 3382 | 8568 | 11950 | | 170 | 3685 | 2675 | 3407 | 8547 | 11954 | | 175 | 3708 | 2602 | 3432 | 8527 | 11959 | | 180 | 3731 | 2533 | 3456 | 8508 | 11964 | | 185 | 3754 | 2468 | 3480 | 8488 | 11968 | | 190 | 3776 | 2406 | 3504 | 8469 | 11973 | | 195 | 3798 | 2346 | 3527 | 8450 | 11977 | | 200 | 3819 | 2290 | 3549 | 8432 | 11981 | | 205 | 3840 | 2237 | 3571 | 8414 | 11985 | | 210 | 3860 | 2187 | 3592 | 8396 | 11988 | | 215 | 3880 | 2138 | 3614 | 8379 | 11992 | | 220 | 3899 | 2091 | 3634 | 8362 | 11996 | | 225 | 3919 | 2046 | 3655 | 8344 | 11999 | | 230 | 3938 | 2004 | 3675 | 8328 | 12002 | | 235 | 3956 | 1964 | 3694 | 8311 | 12006 | | 240 | 3974 | 1924 | 3714 | 8295 | 12009 | | 245 | 3993 | 1887 | 3733 | 8279 | 12012 | | 250 | 4011 | 1850 | 3752 | 8263 | 12015 | |_________|_________|_____________|___________|___________|__________|

[Illustration: Portion of 6100 Horse-power Installation of Babcock & Wilcox Boilers Equipped with Babcock & Wilcox Chain Grate Stokers at the Campbell Street Plant of the Louisville Railway Co, Louisville, Ky

This Company Operates a Total of 14,000 Horse Power of Babcock & Wilcox Boilers]

TABLE 24

PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM

REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION FROM MARKS AND DAVIS ”STEAM TABLES AND DIAGRAMS”

(Copyright, 1909, by Longmans, Green & Co) __________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Degrees of Superheat | |Pressure| |_______________________________________________| | Pounds |Saturated| | | | | | | |Absolute| Steam | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 250 | 300 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 1623 | 2123 | 2623 | 3123 | 3623 | 4123 | 4623 | | 5 v| 733 | 797 | 857 | 918 | 978 | 1038 | 1098 | | h| 11305 |11535 |11764 |11995 |12225 |12456 |12687 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 1932 | 2432 | 2932 | 3432 | 3932 | 4432 | 4932 | | 10 v| 384 | 415 | 446 | 477 | 507 | 537 | 567 | | h| 11431 |11663 |11895 |12127 |12360 |12593 |12825 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2130 | 2630 | 3130 | 3630 | 4130 | 4630 | 5130 | | 15 v| 2627 | 2840| 3046| 3250| 3453| 3656| 3858| | h| 11507 |11742 |11976 |12210 |12444 |12677 |12911 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2280 | 2780 | 3280 | 3780 | 4280 | 4780 | 5280 | | 20 v| 2008 | 2169| 2325| 2480| 2633| 2785| 2937| | h| 11562 |11799 |12035 |12271 |12506 |12741 |12976 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2401 | 2901 | 3401 | 3901 | 4401 | 4901 | 5401 | | 25 v| 1630 | 1760| 1886| 2010| 2132| 2255| 2377| | h| 11604 |11844 |12082 |12319 |12556 |12792 |13028 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2504 | 3004 | 3504 | 4004 | 4504 | 5004 | 5504 | | 30 v| 1374 | 1483| 1589| 1693| 1797| 1899| 2000| | h| 11639 |11881 |12121 |12360 |12597 |12834 |13071 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2593 | 3093 | 3593 | 4093 | 4593 | 5093 | 5593 | | 35 v| 1189 | 1285| 1375| 1465| 1554| 1642| 1730| | h| 11668 |11913 |12154 |12394 |12633 |12871 |13108 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2673 | 3173 | 3673 | 4173 | 4673 | 5173 | 5673 | | 40 v| 1049 | 1133| 1213| 1293| 1370| 1448| 1525| | h| 11694 |11940 |12184 |12424 |12664 |12903 |13141 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2745 | 3245 | 3745 | 4245 | 4745 | 5245 | 5745 | | 45 v| 939 | 1014| 1086| 1157| 1227| 1296| 1365| | h| 11716 |11966 |12210 |12452 |12693 |12932 |13170 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2810 | 3310 | 3810 | 4310 | 4810 | 5310 | 5810 | | 50 v| 851 | 919| 984| 1048| 1111| 1174| 1236| | h| 11736 |11988 |12234 |12477 |12718 |12958 |13197 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2871 | 3371 | 3871 | 4371 | 4871 | 5371 | 5871 | | 55 v| 778 | 840| 900| 959| 1016| 1073| 1130| | h| 11754 |12008 |12256 |12500 |12742 |12981 |13220 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2927 | 3427 | 3927 | 4427 | 4927 | 5427 | 5927 | | 60 v| 717 | 775| 830| 884| 936| 989| 1041| | h| 11770 |12026 |12276 |12521 |12764 |13004 |13243 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 2980 | 3480 | 3980 | 4480 | 4980 | 5480 | 5980 | | 65 v| 665 | 720| 770| 820| 869| 917| 965| | h| 11785 |12044 |12295 |12540 |12784 |13024 |13264 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3029 | 3529 | 4029 | 4529 | 5029 | 5529 | 6029 | | 70 v| 620 | 671| 718| 765| 811| 856| 901| | h| 11798 |12059 |12312 |12558 |12802 |13043 |13283 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3076 | 3576 | 4076 | 4576 | 5076 | 5576 | 6076 | | 75 v| 581 | 628| 673| 717| 760| 802| 844| | h| 11811 |12075 |12328 |12575 |12820 |13061 |13301 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3120 | 3620 | 4120 | 4620 | 5120 | 5620 | 6120 | | 80 v| 547 | 592| 634| 675| 717| 756| 795| | h| 11823 |12088 |12343 |12590 |12836 |13078 |13319 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3163 | 3663 | 4163 | 4663 | 5163 | 5663 | 6163 | | 85 v| 516 | 559| 699| 638| 676| 714| 751| | h| 11834 |12102 |12358 |12606 |12852 |13094 |13335 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3203 | 3703 | 4203 | 4703 | 5203 | 5703 | 6203 | | 90 v| 489 | 529| 567| 604| 640| 676| 711| | h| 11844 |12114 |12372 |12620 |12866 |13108 |13349 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3241 | 3741 | 4241 | 4741 | 5241 | 5741 | 6241 | | 95 v| 465 | 503| 539| 574| 609| 643| 676| | h| 11854 |12126 |12384 |12634 |12881 |13123 |13364 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3278 | 3778 | 4278 | 4778 | 5278 | 5778 | 6278 | | 100 v| 443 | 479| 514| 547| 580| 612| 644| | h| 11863 |12138 |12397 |12647 |12894 |13136 |13378 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3314 | 3814 | 4314 | 4814 | 5314 | 5814 | 6314 | | 105 v| 423 | 458| 491| 523| 554| 585| 615| | h| 11872 |12149 |12408 |12659 |12906 |13149 |13391 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3348 | 3848 | 4348 | 4848 | 5348 | 5848 | 6348 | | 110 v| 405 | 438| 470| 501| 531| 561| 590| | h| 11880 |12159 |12420 |12671 |12919 |13162 |13404 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3381 | 3881 | 4381 | 4881 | 5381 | 5881 | 6381 | | 115 v| 388 | 420| 451| 481| 509| 538| 566| | h| 11888 |12169 |12431 |12682 |12930 |13173 |13415 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3413 | 3913 | 4413 | 4913 | 5413 | 5913 | 6413 | | 120 v| 373 | 404| 433| 462| 489| 517| 544| | h| 11896 |12179 |12441 |12693 |12941 |13184 |13427 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3444 | 3944 | 4444 | 4944 | 5444 | 5944 | 6444 | | 125 v| 358 | 388| 417| 445| 471| 497| 523| | h| 11903 |12188 |12451 |12704 |12952 |13195 |13438 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3474 | 3974 | 4474 | 4974 | 5474 | 5974 | 6474 | | 130 v| 345 | 374| 402| 428| 454| 480| 505| | h| 11910 |12197 |12461 |12714 |12962 |13206 |13449 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3503 | 4003 | 4503 | 5003 | 5503 | 6003 | 6503 | | 135 v| 333 | 361| 388| 414| 438| 463| 487| | h| 11916 |12206 |12470 |12723 |12972 |13216 |13459 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3531 | 4031 | 4531 | 5031 | 5531 | 6031 | 6531 | | 140 v| 322 | 349| 375| 400| 424| 448| 471| | h| 11922 |12214 |12480 |12733 |12982 |13226 |13469 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3558 | 4058 | 4558 | 5058 | 5558 | 6058 | 6558 | | 145 v| 312 | 338| 363| 387| 410| 433| 456| | h| 11928 |12222 |12488 |12742 |12991 |13236 |13479 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3585 | 4085 | 4585 | 5085 | 5585 | 6085 | 6585 | | 150 v| 301 | 327| 350| 375| 397| 419| 441| | h| 11934 |12230 |12496 |12751 |13000 |13245 |13488 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3610 | 4110 | 4610 | 5110 | 5610 | 6110 | 6610 | | 155 v| 292 | 317| 341| 363| 385| 406| 428| | h| 11940 |12236 |12505 |12760 |13008 |13253 |13497 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3636 | 4136 | 4636 | 5136 | 5636 | 6136 | 6636 | | 160 v| 283 | 307| 330| 353| 374| 395| 415| | h| 11945 |12245 |12513 |12768 |13017 |13262 |13506 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3660 | 4160 | 4660 | 5160 | 5660 | 6160 | 6660 | | 165 v| 275 | 299| 321| 343| 364| 384| 404| | h| 11950 |12252 |12520 |12776 |13025 |13271 |13515 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3685 | 4185 | 4685 | 5185 | 5685 | 6185 | 6685 | | 170 v| 268 | 291| 312| 334| 354| 373| 392| | h| 11954 |12259 |12528 |12784 |13033 |13279 |13523 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3708 | 4208 | 4708 | 5208 | 5708 | 6208 | 6708 | | 175 v| 260 | 283| 304| 324| 344| 363| 382| | h| 11959 |12266 |12536 |12791 |13041 |13287 |13532 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3731 | 4231 | 4731 | 5231 | 5731 | 6231 | 6731 | | 180 v| 253 | 275| 296| 316| 335| 354| 372| | h| 11964 |12272 |12543 |12799 |13048 |13295 |13539 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3754 | 4254 | 4754 | 5254 | 5754 | 6254 | 6754 | | 185 v| 247 | 268| 289| 308| 327| 345| 363| | h| 11968 |12279 |12550 |12806 |13056 |13302 |13547 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3776 | 4276 | 4776 | 5276 | 5776 | 6276 | 6776 | | 190 v| 241 | 262| 281| 300| 319| 337| 355| | h| 11973 |12286 |12557 |12813 |13063 |13309 |13555 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3798 | 4298 | 4798 | 5298 | 5798 | 6298 | 6798 | | 195 v| 235 | 255| 275| 293| 311| 329| 346| | h| 11977 |12292 |12564 |12820 |13070 |13316 |13562 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3819 | 4319 | 4819 | 5319 | 5819 | 6319 | 6819 | | 200 v| 229 | 249| 268| 286| 304| 321| 338| | h| 11981 |12298 |12571 |12826 |13077 |13324 |13570 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3840 | 4340 | 4840 | 5340 | 5840 | 6340 | 6840 | | 205 v| 224 | 244| 262| 280| 297| 314| 330| | h| 11985 |12304 |12577 |12833 |13083 |13330 |13577 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3860 | 4360 | 4860 | 5360 | 5860 | 6360 | 6860 | | 210 v| 219 | 238| 256| 274| 291| 307| 323| | h| 11988 |12310 |12584 |12840 |13090 |13337 |13584 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3880 | 4380 | 4880 | 5380 | 5880 | 6380 | 6880 | | 215 v| 214 | 233| 251| 268| 284| 300| 316| | h| 11992 |12316 |12590 |12846 |13097 |13344 |13591 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3899 | 4399 | 4899 | 5399 | 5899 | 6399 | 6899 | | 220 v| 209 | 228| 245| 262| 278| 294| 310| | h| 11996 |12322 |12596 |12852 |13103 |13351 |13598 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3919 | 4419 | 4919 | 5419 | 5919 | 6419 | 6919 | | 225 v| 205 | 223| 240| 257| 272| 288| 303| | h| 11999 |12327 |12602 |12859 |13109 |13357 |13603 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3938 | 4438 | 4938 | 5438 | 5938 | 6438 | 6938 | | 230 v| 200 | 218| 235| 251| 267| 282| 297| | h| 12002 |12332 |12607 |12865 |13116 |13363 |13610 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3956 | 4456 | 4956 | 5456 | 5956 | 6456 | 6956 | | 235 v| 196 | 214| 230| 246| 262| 277| 291| | h| 12006 |12338 |12614 |12871 |13122 |13370 |13617 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3974 | 4474 | 4974 | 5474 | 5974 | 6474 | 6974 | | 240 v| 192 | 209| 226| 242| 257| 271| 285| | h| 12009 |12343 |12619 |12876 |13128 |13376 |13623 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 3993 | 4493 | 4993 | 5493 | 5993 | 6493 | 6993 | | 245 v| 189 | 205| 222| 237| 252| 266| 280| | h| 12012 |12348 |12625 |12882 |13133 |13382 |13629 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 4010 | 4510 | 5010 | 5510 | 6010 | 6510 | 7010 | | 250 v| 185 | 202| 217| 233| 247| 261| 275| | h| 12015 |12354 |12630 |12888 |13139 |13388 |13635 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______| | t| 4028 | 4528 | 5028 | 5528 | 6028 | 6528 | 7028 | | 255 v| 181 | 198| 214| 228| 243| 256| 270| | h| 12018 |12359 |12636 |12893 |13145 |13393 |13641 | |________|_________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|

t = Terees Fahrenheit

v = Specific volume, in cubic feet, per pound

h = Total heat frorees, B t u

[Graph: Teainst Te 15 Graphic Method of Deters]

MOISTURE IN STEAM

The presence of moisture in steam causes a loss, not only in the practical waste of the heat utilized to raise this moisture from the temperature of the feed water to the teh the increased initial condensation in an engine cylinder and through friction and other actions in a steam turbine The presence of such moisture also interferes with proper cylinder lubrication, causes a knocking in the engine and a water hammer in the steam pipes In steam turbines it will cause erosion of the blades

The percentage by weight of steam in a mixture of steam and water is called the _quality of the steam_

The apparatus used to determine the h since it may not measure the heat in the steam, the name is not descriptive of the function of the apparatus The first form used was the ”barrel calorireat that its use was abandoned Modern calori or separator type

Throttling Calori calorih the sa nipple, passes around the first therhth inch orifice in a disk between two flanges, and lastly around the second thermometer cup and to the atmosphere Thermometers are inserted in the wells, which should be filled with14 Throttling Calori Nozzle]

The instru to it should be thoroughly insulated to diminish radiation losses Carechoked with dirt and to see that no leaks occur The exhaust pipe should be short to prevent back pressure below the disk