Part 27 (1/2)
[Footnote 28: _R.I. Col. Records_, I., 266.]
[Footnote 29: _Plymouth Col. Records_, X., 102.]
[Footnote 30: _Ma.s.s. Col. Records_, III., 311.]
[Footnote 31: _New Haven Col. Records_, II., 36.]
[Footnote 32: Ibid., 37]
[Footnote 33: _Conn. Col. Records_, I., 254.]
[Footnote 34: Trumbull, _Connecticut_, I., 219, 220.]
[Footnote 35: _New Haven Col. Records_, II., iii.]
CHAPTER XIX
EARLY NEW ENGLAND LIFE
(1624-1652)
During the civil war in England the sympathies of Ma.s.sachusetts, of course, were with Parliament. New England ministers were invited to attend the Westminster a.s.sembly of divines held in September, 1642, and several of them returned to England. The most prominent was Rev.
Hugh Peter, who was instrumental in procuring the decapitation of Charles I., and paid for the offence, on the restoration of Charles II., with his own life. In 1643 Parliament pa.s.sed an act[1] freeing all commodities carried between England and New England from the payment of ”any custom, subsidy, taxation, imposition, or other duty.”
The transfer of the supreme authority to the Parliament, though hailed with enthusiasm in New England, increased, if anything, her confidence. In the summer of 1644 a s.h.i.+p bearing a commission from the Parliament attacked and captured in the harbor of Boston another s.h.i.+p friendly to the king; Ma.s.sachusetts showed her displeasure by addressing a strong protest to Parliament. Not long after another vessel of Parliament attacked a s.h.i.+p belonging to persons from Dartmouth in sympathy with the king. This time Winthrop turned the guns of the battery upon the parliamentary captain and made him pay a barrel of powder for his insolence.[2]
The same summary action was adopted in regard to the growing demand for a freer suffrage. In May, 1646, an able and respectful pet.i.tion was presented to the general court for the removal of the civil disabilities of all members of the churches of England and Scotland, signed by William Va.s.sall, Samuel Maverick, Dr. Robert Child, and four other prominent Presbyterians. The pet.i.tion was p.r.o.nounced seditious and scandalous, and the pet.i.tioners were roundly fined. When Child set out for England with his grievances, he was arrested and his baggage searched. Then, to the horror of the rulers of Ma.s.sachusetts, there was discovered a pet.i.tion addressed to Parliament, suggesting that Presbyterianism should be established in New England and that a general governor should be sent over. The signers, brought before the court, were fined more heavily than before and imprisoned for six months. At length Va.s.sall and his friends contrived to reach England, expecting to receive the aid of the Presbyterian party in Parliament; but misfortune overtook them there as in Ma.s.sachusetts, for the Independents were now in control and no help could be obtained from them.[3]
The agitation in England in favor of Presbyterianism, and the pet.i.tion of Va.s.sall and his friends in Ma.s.sachusetts, induced the general court in May, 1646, to invite the clergy to meet at Cambridge, ”there to discuss, dispute, and clear up, by the word of G.o.d, such questions of church government and discipline as they should think needful and meet,” until ”one form of government and discipline” should be determined upon. The ”synod” met September 1, 1646, and after remaining in session fourteen days they adjourned. In August, 1648, after the downfall of Presbyterianism in England, another meeting was held, and a plan of church government was agreed upon, by which order and unity were introduced among members theoretically independent.[4]
By a unanimous vote the synod adopted ”a platform” approving the confession of faith of the Westminster divines, except as to those parts which favored the Presbyterian discipline. The bond of union was found in the right of excluding an offending church from fellows.h.i.+p and of calling in the civil power for the suppression of idolatry, blasphemy, heresy, etc. The platform recognized the prerogative of occasional synods to give advice and admonition to churches in their collective capacity, but general officers and permanent a.s.semblies, like those of the Presbyterian and Anglican churches, armed with coercive power to act upon individuals, were disclaimed.[5]
Nevertheless, by the organization thus effected, the benumbing influence of the Calvinistic faith upon the intellectual life of New England was fully established, and the deaths of John Winthrop and John Cotton, which happened not long after, were the forerunners of what Charles Francis Adams styles the ”glacial period of Ma.s.sachusetts.”[6] Both Winthrop and Cotton were believers in aristocracy in state and church, but the bigotry of Winthrop was relieved by his splendid business capacity and that of Cotton by his comparative gentleness and tenderness of heart.
”Their places were taken by two as arrant fanatics as ever breathed”[7]--John Endicott, who was governor for thirteen out of fifteen years following Winthrop's death, and John Norton, an able and upright but narrow and intolerant clergyman. The persecuting spirit which had never been absent in Ma.s.sachusetts reached, under these leaders, its climax in the wholesale hanging of Quakers and witches.
In the year of Cotton's death (1652), which was the year that Virginia surrendered to the Parliamentary commissioners and the authority of the English Parliament was recognized throughout English America, the population of New England could not have been far short of fifty thousand. For the settlements along the sea the usual mode of communication was by water, but there was a road along the whole coast of Ma.s.sachusetts. In the interior of the colony, as Johnson boasted, ”the wild and uncouth woods were filled with frequented ways, and the large rivers were overlaid with bridges, pa.s.sable both for horse and foot.”[8]
All the conditions of New England tended to compress population into small areas and to force the energies of the people into trade.
s.h.i.+p-building was an early industry, and New England s.h.i.+ps vied with the s.h.i.+ps of Holland and England in visiting distant countries for commerce.[9] Manufacturing found early encouragement, and in 1639 a number of clothiers from Yorks.h.i.+re set up a fulling-mill at Rowley.[10] A gla.s.s factory was established at Salem in 1641,[11] and iron works at Lynn in 1643,[12] under the management of Joseph Jenks.
The keenness of the New-Englander in bargains and business became famous.
In Ma.s.sachusetts the town was the unit of representation and taxation, and in local matters it governed itself. The first town government appears to have been that of Dorchester, where the inhabitants agreed, October 8, 1633, to hold a weekly meeting ”to settle and sett down such orders as may tend to the general good.”[13] Not long after a similar meeting was held in Watertown, and the system speedily spread to the other towns. The plan of appointing a body of ”townsmen,” or selectmen, to sit between meetings of the towns began in February, 1635, in Charlestown.[14]
The town-meeting had a great variety of business. It elected the town officers and the deputies to the general court and made ordinances regarding the common fields and pastures, the management of the village herds, roadways, boundary-lines, fences, and many other things. Qualified to share in the deliberations were all freemen and ”admitted inhabitants of honest and good conversation” rated at 20 (equivalent to about $500 to-day).[15]
In the prevalence of the town system popular education was rendered possible, and a great epoch in the history of social progress was reached when Ma.s.sachusetts recognized the support of education as a proper function of government. Boston had a school with some sort of public encouragement in 1635,[16] and in 1642, before schools were required by law, it was enjoined upon the selectmen to ”take account from time to time of parents and masters of the ability of the children to read and understand the principles of religion and the capital lawes of the country.”[17] In November, 1647, a general educational law required every town having fifty householders or more to appoint some one to teach children how to read and write, and every town having one hundred householders or more to establish a ”grammar (Latin) school” to instruct youth ”so far as may be fitted for the university.”[18]
In 1636 the Ma.s.sachusetts a.s.sembly agreed to give 400 towards ”a schoole or Colledge,”[19] to be built at Newtown (Cambridge). In 1638 John Harvard died within a year after his arrival, and left his library and ”one-half his estate, it being in all about 700, for the erecting of the College.” In recognition of this kindly act the general court fitly gave his name to the inst.i.tution,[20] the first founded in the United States.