Part 10 (2/2)

SEVEN Ghetto Tears Ghetto Tears 1. See Ullmann, ”Kritik Nr. 16,” in See Ullmann, ”Kritik Nr. 16,” in 26 Kritiken 26 Kritiken.

2. Ullmann, ”Kritik Nr. 24,” in Ullmann, ”Kritik Nr. 24,” in 26 Kritiken 26 Kritiken.

3. See Zdenka Fantlova, See Zdenka Fantlova, My Lucky Star My Lucky Star (New York: Herodias, 2001). (New York: Herodias, 2001).

4. Paul Kling (19282005) in conversations with the author in New York and Berlin, 1997 and 1998. Paul Kling (19282005) in conversations with the author in New York and Berlin, 1997 and 1998.

5. Leo Haas, ”Die Affare der Theresienstadter Maler” [”The Theresienstadt Painters' Affair”], in Iltis, Ehrmann, and Heitlinger, eds., Leo Haas, ”Die Affare der Theresienstadter Maler” [”The Theresienstadt Painters' Affair”], in Iltis, Ehrmann, and Heitlinger, eds., Theresienstadt Theresienstadt, pp. 170ff.

6. Mitteilungen der Judischen Selbstverwaltung [Communications of the Jewish Self-Administration] Mitteilungen der Judischen Selbstverwaltung [Communications of the Jewish Self-Administration], no. 45, September 17, 1944, taken from the literary estate of Otto Pollak; also quoted in Otto Pollak's diary entry of Sat.u.r.day, September 16, 1944.

7. Miroslav Karn, ”Die Theresienstadter Herbstransporte 1944” [”The Theresienstadt Transports in the Fall of 1944”], in Miroslav Karn, ”Die Theresienstadter Herbstransporte 1944” [”The Theresienstadt Transports in the Fall of 1944”], in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1995 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1995, pp. 737.

8. Ibid. Karn's essay provides solid evidence that Himmler's chief motive in ordering these transports was to weaken resistance in Theresienstadt, to eliminate all potential for resistance, and to counter what he feared most, an uprising. At the same time he could then carry on unhindered with his camouflage of Theresienstadt and garner any political capital such a deception might yield. Ibid. Karn's essay provides solid evidence that Himmler's chief motive in ordering these transports was to weaken resistance in Theresienstadt, to eliminate all potential for resistance, and to counter what he feared most, an uprising. At the same time he could then carry on unhindered with his camouflage of Theresienstadt and garner any political capital such a deception might yield.

9. Felix Weiss was a cousin of Otto Pollak and a member of the fire department in Theresienstadt. He died in January 1945 in a concentration camp in Bavaria. Felix Weiss was a cousin of Otto Pollak and a member of the fire department in Theresienstadt. He died in January 1945 in a concentration camp in Bavaria.

10. Karn, ”Theresienstadter Herbstransporte 1944,” pp. 737. Karn, ”Theresienstadter Herbstransporte 1944,” pp. 737.

11. Eva Herrmannova in an interview with the author in Prague, 1998. Eva Herrmannova in an interview with the author in Prague, 1998.

12. Mica was important for the manufacture of munitions. It had to be splintered into very thin pieces and weighed, both processes demanding good light and exceptional dexterity. After September 1944, more than a thousand women were put to work fracturing mica. Mica was important for the manufacture of munitions. It had to be splintered into very thin pieces and weighed, both processes demanding good light and exceptional dexterity. After September 1944, more than a thousand women were put to work fracturing mica.

EIGHT Liberation Liberation 1. Horst Cohn, a resident of Israel, in a conversation with the author in Schwerin, Germany, January 2001. Horst Cohn, a resident of Israel, in a conversation with the author in Schwerin, Germany, January 2001.

2. Paul (Sandfort) Aron, Paul (Sandfort) Aron, Ben: The Alien Bird Ben: The Alien Bird, trans. Paul Aron and Alex Auswaks (Jerusalem: Gefen Books, 1999), p. 295.

3. Irena Lauscherova, ”Die Kinder von Theresienstadt” [”The Children of Theresienstadt”], in Iltis, Ehrmann, and Heitlinger, eds., Irena Lauscherova, ”Die Kinder von Theresienstadt” [”The Children of Theresienstadt”], in Iltis, Ehrmann, and Heitlinger, eds., Theresienstadt Theresienstadt, p. 111.

4. Among the dead was the Viennese pianist Renee Gartner-Geiringer (19081945). Flaka's sister Lizzi, who was on the same train, tripped over the dead body of Gartner-Geiringer as she left the cattle car after the bombardment. Among the dead was the Viennese pianist Renee Gartner-Geiringer (19081945). Flaka's sister Lizzi, who was on the same train, tripped over the dead body of Gartner-Geiringer as she left the cattle car after the bombardment.

5. In their attempt to save Hungarian Jews, Rudolf Kastner and Joel Brand were involved in controversial dealings with the n.a.z.is. On April 5, 1944, when Kastner and Brand first met with Dieter Wisliceny, who was part of Eichmann's Section IV B 4, Wisliceny demanded $2 million in exchange for the lives of 800,000 Hungarian Jews. After the first partial payment, a rescue operation was set in motion for a selected group of 1,700 Jews, who, after extended incarceration at Bergen-Belsen until late 1944, finally did make it to Switzerland. As part of those April negotiations, Eichmann offered Joel Brand another deal: the release of one million Jews in exchange for ten thousand trucks and other goods from the West. This offer of ”blood for goods,” as it was called, was rejected by the Allies. Kastner nevertheless continued negotiations, which the Allies supported for tactical reasons. Accused of betraying Jews and collaborating with the n.a.z.is, Kastner was later tried in Israel in 195455. Kastner's legal appeal was still pending when he was shot and killed on the street by nationalist extremists in Israel on March 15, 1957. Kastner's good name has now largely been restored. Those whom he saved have erected a monument in his honor. In their attempt to save Hungarian Jews, Rudolf Kastner and Joel Brand were involved in controversial dealings with the n.a.z.is. On April 5, 1944, when Kastner and Brand first met with Dieter Wisliceny, who was part of Eichmann's Section IV B 4, Wisliceny demanded $2 million in exchange for the lives of 800,000 Hungarian Jews. After the first partial payment, a rescue operation was set in motion for a selected group of 1,700 Jews, who, after extended incarceration at Bergen-Belsen until late 1944, finally did make it to Switzerland. As part of those April negotiations, Eichmann offered Joel Brand another deal: the release of one million Jews in exchange for ten thousand trucks and other goods from the West. This offer of ”blood for goods,” as it was called, was rejected by the Allies. Kastner nevertheless continued negotiations, which the Allies supported for tactical reasons. Accused of betraying Jews and collaborating with the n.a.z.is, Kastner was later tried in Israel in 195455. Kastner's legal appeal was still pending when he was shot and killed on the street by nationalist extremists in Israel on March 15, 1957. Kastner's good name has now largely been restored. Those whom he saved have erected a monument in his honor.

6. Der Kastner-Bericht uber Eichmanns Menschenhandel in Ungarn [The Kastner Report Concerning Eichmanns Traffic in Human Beings in Hungary] Der Kastner-Bericht uber Eichmanns Menschenhandel in Ungarn [The Kastner Report Concerning Eichmanns Traffic in Human Beings in Hungary] (Munich: Kindler, 1961), pp. 32327. (Munich: Kindler, 1961), pp. 32327.

7. Kotouc et al., Kotouc et al., We Are Children Just the Same We Are Children Just the Same, pp. 7273. Eva Ginz is the sister of Petr Ginz, the editor of Vedem Vedem.

8. Alice Ehrmann, ”Ein Theresienstadter Tagebuch, October 18, 1944-May 19, 1945” [”A Theresienstadt Diary”], in Alice Ehrmann, ”Ein Theresienstadter Tagebuch, October 18, 1944-May 19, 1945” [”A Theresienstadt Diary”], in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1994, pp Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1994, pp. 171205. The author was born on May 5, 1927, and arrived in Theresienstadt on July 13, 1943. There she became friends with Zeev Shek, a committed Zionist leader. In 1947 they married, and in 1948 she followed him to Palestine. Alisah Shek is one of the cofounders of the archives and memorial Beit Terezin, at Givat Chaim Ichud, Israel, where she lived until her death in 2007.

9. Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1995 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1995, pp. 30624. Erich Kessler was born on June 14, 1912. He lived in Prague until he was deported to Theresienstadt on February 9, 1945, along with other Jews living in (as the n.a.z.is called it) a Mischehe Mischehe (mixed marriage). (mixed marriage).

10. According to information provided by Karl-Heinz Schultz, chairman of the Friends of the Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, ”Papa” was a customs agent who had been rea.s.signed to guard prisoners on September 13, 1944. He was killed in an air raid on Hamburg-Tiefstack. According to information provided by Karl-Heinz Schultz, chairman of the Friends of the Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, ”Papa” was a customs agent who had been rea.s.signed to guard prisoners on September 13, 1944. He was killed in an air raid on Hamburg-Tiefstack.

11. Erich Kessler in Erich Kessler in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1995 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1995, pp. 30624.

12. Ibid. Ibid.

EPILOGUE.

1. Hanka Brady's story is told in the book Hanka Brady's story is told in the book Hana's Suitcase Hana's Suitcase, by Karen Levine (Morton Grove, Ill.: Albert Whitman & Co., 2007).

2. Pemysl Pitter (18951976) was a Christian humanist who devoted his life to social work with children. Pavel Kohn has written a book in his honor: Pemysl Pitter (18951976) was a Christian humanist who devoted his life to social work with children. Pavel Kohn has written a book in his honor: Schlosser der Hoffnung. Die geretteten Kinder des Pemysl Pitter [Castles of Hope: The Rescued Children of Pemysl Pitter] Schlosser der Hoffnung. Die geretteten Kinder des Pemysl Pitter [Castles of Hope: The Rescued Children of Pemysl Pitter] (Munich: Langen Muller, 2001). (Munich: Langen Muller, 2001).

3. Eugen Kolb (18981959) was an art critic, art historian, and journalist; from 1952 to 1959 he served as director of the Helena Rubenstein Museum in Tel Aviv. Eugen Kolb (18981959) was an art critic, art historian, and journalist; from 1952 to 1959 he served as director of the Helena Rubenstein Museum in Tel Aviv.

BIBLIOGRAPHYThe following three publications were especially rich sources of information and inspiration:Theresienstadt. Ed. Rudolf Iltis, Frantiek Ehrmann, and Ota Heitlinger. Trans. Walter Hacker. Vienna: Europa Verlag, 1968.Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente. Ed. Miroslav Karn, Raimund Kemper, and Margita Karna. Prague: Edition Theresienstadter Initiative Academia, annual volumes starting 1994.Kotouc, Kurt Jiri, et al. We Are Children Just the Same: We Are Children Just the Same: Vedem, Vedem, the Secret Magazine by the Boys of Terezin the Secret Magazine by the Boys of Terezin. Trans. R. Elizabeth Novak. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1995.Historical Literature on TheresienstadtAdler, H. G. Theresienstadt 19411945, Das Antlitz einer Zw.a.n.gsgemeinschaft. Geschichte, Soziologie, Psychologie Theresienstadt 19411945, Das Antlitz einer Zw.a.n.gsgemeinschaft. Geschichte, Soziologie, Psychologie. Tubingen: J. C. Mohr, 1956. Die verheimlichte Wahrheit. 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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.Ut.i.tz, Emil. Psychologie des Lebens im Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt Psychologie des Lebens im Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt. Vienna: Verlag A. s.e.xl, 1948.Vrba, Rudolf. Als Kanada in Auschwitz lag. Meine Flucht aus dem Vernichtungslager Als Kanada in Auschwitz lag. Meine Flucht aus dem Vernichtungslager. Munich: Piper, 1999.Children's Painting in TheresienstadtDutlinger, Anne D., ed. Art, Music and Education as Strategies for Survival Art, Music and Education as Strategies for Survival. New York: Herodias, 2000.Makarova, Elena. Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis. Ein Leben fur Kunst und Lehre Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis. Ein Leben fur Kunst und Lehre. Vienna and Munich: Christian Brandstatter Verlag, 2000.Volkavkova, Hana. I Never Saw Another b.u.t.terfly I Never Saw Another b.u.t.terfly. New York: Schocken Books, 1994.Vom Bauhaus nach Terezin. Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis und die Kinderzeichnungen aus dem Ghetto-Lager Theresienstadt. Exhibition catalogue. Frankfurt: Das Judische Museum, 1991.Weissova, Helga. Zeichne, was Du siehst. Zeichnungen eines Kindes aus Theresienstadt Zeichne, was Du siehst. Zeichnungen eines Kindes aus Theresienstadt. Gottingen: Wallstein, 1998.General Literature on the HolcaustAly, Gotz, and Susanne Heim. Vordenker der Vernichtung Vordenker der Vernichtung. Frankfurt: S. Fischer, 1993.Benz, Wolfgang. Der Holocaust Der Holocaust. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1997.Berkley, George E. Vienna and Its Jews: The Tragedy of Success, 1880s-1980s Vienna and Its Jews: The Tragedy of Success, 1880s-1980s. Lanham, Md.: Madison Books, 1988.Biege, Bernd. Helfer unter Hitler. Das Rote Kreuz im Dritten Reich Helfer unter Hitler. Das Rote Kreuz im Dritten Reich. Reinbek: Kindler Verlag, 2000.Deutsche Politik im ”Protektorat Bohmen und Mahren” unter Reinhard Heydrich 19411942 19411942. Ed. Miroslav Karn, Jaroslava Milotova, and Margita Karna. Berlin: Metropol, 1997.Deutsche und Tschechen. Ed. Walter Koschmal, Marek Nekula, and Joachim Rogall. Munich: C. H. Beck, 2001.Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Ed. Israel Gutman. 4 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1995.Friedrich, Otto. The Kingdom of Auschwitz The Kingdom of Auschwitz. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.Gilbert, Martin. Auschwitz and the Allies Auschwitz and the Allies. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981.Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews The Destruction of the European Jews. 3rd ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003. Perpetrators Victims Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 19331945 Perpetrators Victims Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 19331945. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.Judische Schicksale. Berichte von Verfolgten. 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Eichmann und seine Gehilfen Eichmann und seine Gehilfen. Frankfurt: S. Fischer, 1995.s.h.i.+rer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.Von Lang, Jochen. Das Eichmann-Protokoll. Tonbandaufzeichnungen der israelischen Verh.o.r.e Das Eichmann-Protokoll. Tonbandaufzeichnungen der israelischen Verh.o.r.e. Munich: Ullstein, 2001.Wlaschek, Rudolf M. Juden in Bohmen. Beitrage zur Geschichte des europaischen Judentums im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert Munich: Juden in Bohmen. Beitrage zur Geschichte des europaischen Judentums im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert Munich: Oldenbourg, 1997. Oldenbourg, 1997.Unpublished Doc.u.ments and Ma.n.u.scriptsThe Diary of Helga Pollak, private property, represented by the author. private property, represented by the author.The Poetry Alb.u.m of Anna Flachova private property, represented by the author. private property, represented by the author.The Doc.u.ment Alb.u.m of Vera Nath private property, represented by the author. private property, represented by the author.Vechno, the Notebook of Handa Pollak, private property. private property.Reports by the members of the Youth Welfare Department of Theresienstadt. Typescripts, Jewish Museum, Prague.Essays by the girls of Girls' Home L 410, written October 18, 1943. Subject: ”What has made the deepest impression on you since you have been living in the Girls' Home?” Archives Beit Theresienstadt, Israel.BrundibarHans Krasa (music) and Adolf Hoffmeister (text), Brundibar Brundibar, represented by the music agency Boosey & Hawkes, Berlin, London, New York. .Brundibar: Eine Oper fur Kinder von Hans Krasa & Brundibar und die Kinder von Theresienstadt. Feature von Hannelore Wonschick. EDITION ABSEITS, 1999. Double CD with the opera and a radio doc.u.mentary on the history of the opera with recorded recollections by survivors of Theresienstadt. .

ILl.u.s.tRATION PERMISSIONS.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The author and the publisher wish to thank the Girls of Room 28 for supplying many photographs and doc.u.ments from their personal collections for publication in this book: Anna Ha.n.u.sova-Flachova Helga Kinsky Eva Stern Handa Drori Eva Gross Vera Kreiner Judith Rosenzweig Ela Weissberger Hanka Weingarten Marianne Deutsch Evelina Mer Marta Mikul Eva Sohar Eva Vit Miriam Jung Still from the propaganda film Theresienstadt: Dok.u.mentarfilm aus einem judischen Siedlunzgsgebiet Theresienstadt: Doc.u.mentary of a Jewish Settlement Theresienstadt: Dok.u.mentarfilm aus einem judischen Siedlunzgsgebiet Theresienstadt: Doc.u.mentary of a Jewish Settlement. Photograph Narodni Filmovy Archiv v Praze National Film Archive in Prague. idovske Muzeum v Praze. Archive Beit Theresienstadt, Givat Chaim Ichud, Israel.From Zeichne was Du siehst: Zeichnungen eines Kindes aus Theresienstadt/Terezin. Draw What You See: Drawings of a Child of Theresienstadt/Terezin Zeichne was Du siehst: Zeichnungen eines Kindes aus Theresienstadt/Terezin. Draw What You See: Drawings of a Child of Theresienstadt/Terezin by Helga Weiss. Gottingen: Wallstein Verlag, 1998. by Helga Weiss. Gottingen: Wallstein Verlag, 1998. idovske Muzeum v Praze.Moon Landscape, 194244, by Petr Ginz. Drawing, pencil on paper. Gift of Otto Ginz. Reprinted by permission of the Yad Vashem Art Museum, Jerusalem.Private collection.Private collection.Reprinted by permission of the Theresienstadt Memorial.From Zeichne was Du siehst: Zeichnungen eines Kindes aus Theresienstadt/Terezin. Draw What You See: Drawings of a Child of Theresienstadt/Terezin Zeichne was Du siehst: Zeichnungen eines Kindes aus Theresienstadt/Terezin. Draw What You See: Drawings of a Child of Theresienstadt/Terezin by Helga Weiss. Gottingen: Wallstein Verlag, 1998. by Helga Weiss. Gottingen: Wallstein Verlag, 1998. idovske Muzeum v Praze.Private collection.Reprinted by permission of the Theresienstadt Memorial. idovske Muzeum v Praze.Reprinted by permission of the Theresienstadt Memorial. Beit Theresienstadt Archive, Givat Chaim Ichud, Israel. idovske Muzeum v Praze. George Brady, Canada. Alice Sommer. Chava Linden.Private collection.Watercolor sketch from The Book of Alfred Kantor: An Artist's Journal of The Book of Alfred Kantor: An Artist's Journal ofthe Holocaust, by Alfred Kantor and John Wykert. New York: Schocken Books, idovske Muzeum v Praze.Reprinted by permission of the Theresienstadt Memorial. Hannelore Brenner-Wonschick.

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