Part 9 (2/2)

2. ”Sudetenland” was the term used by the German population for those parts of Bohemia and Moravian-Silesia that had been settled by Germans. It does not represent any historical, geographical, or cultural ent.i.ty as such. The name is derived from the Sudeten Mountains, part of the Iser mountain range. The term ”Sudeten Germans” first gained political currency with the increasing strength of the Sudetendeutsche Party, and then began to replace the competing term ”German Bohemians.” ”Sudetenland” was the term used by the German population for those parts of Bohemia and Moravian-Silesia that had been settled by Germans. It does not represent any historical, geographical, or cultural ent.i.ty as such. The name is derived from the Sudeten Mountains, part of the Iser mountain range. The term ”Sudeten Germans” first gained political currency with the increasing strength of the Sudetendeutsche Party, and then began to replace the competing term ”German Bohemians.”

3. Hans Safrian, Hans Safrian, Eichmann und seine Gehilfen [Eichmann and His Helpers] Eichmann und seine Gehilfen [Eichmann and His Helpers] (Frankfurt: S. Fischer, 1995), p. 115. (Frankfurt: S. Fischer, 1995), p. 115.

4. Deutsche Politik im ”Protektorat Bohmen und Mahren” unter Reinhard Heydrich 19411942 Deutsche Politik im ”Protektorat Bohmen und Mahren” unter Reinhard Heydrich 19411942, ed. Miroslav Karn, Jaroslava Milotova, and Margita Karna (Berlin: Metropol, 1997), pp. 137ff.

5. Ibid., p. 150. Ibid., p. 150.

6. Jochen Von Lang, Jochen Von Lang, Das Eichmann-Protokoll. Tonbandaufzeichnungen der israelischen Verh.o.r.e Das Eichmann-Protokoll. Tonbandaufzeichnungen der israelischen Verh.o.r.e (Munich: Ullstein, 2001), pp. 9394. (Munich: Ullstein, 2001), pp. 9394.

THREE Daily Life in the Camp Daily Life in the Camp 1. Miroslav Karn, ”Jakob Edelsteins letzte Briefe” [”Jakob Edelstein's Last Letters”], in Miroslav Karn, ”Jakob Edelsteins letzte Briefe” [”Jakob Edelstein's Last Letters”], in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1997 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1997, pp. 21629.

2. Toma Garrigue Masaryk (18501937), philosopher, president of the Czech Republic, 191835. Toma Garrigue Masaryk (18501937), philosopher, president of the Czech Republic, 191835.

3. ”Berichte zum ersten Jahrestag der Theresienstadter Heime in L 417” [”Reports on the First Anniversary of the Theresienstadt Homes in L 417”], in ”Berichte zum ersten Jahrestag der Theresienstadter Heime in L 417” [”Reports on the First Anniversary of the Theresienstadt Homes in L 417”], in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998, ed. Miroslav Karn, Raimund Kemper, and Margita Karna (Prague: Edition Theresienstadter Initiative Academia, 1998), p. 150.

4. Ibid. Ibid.

5. From the testimony of Zeev Shek before the Commission for the Concentration Camp of Terezin, June 29, 1945, in Kurt Jiri Kotouc et al., From the testimony of Zeev Shek before the Commission for the Concentration Camp of Terezin, June 29, 1945, in Kurt Jiri Kotouc et al., We Are Children Just the Same: We Are Children Just the Same: Vedem, Vedem, the Secret Magazine by the Boys of Terezin the Secret Magazine by the Boys of Terezin, trans. R. Elizabeth Novak (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1995).

6. Ibid. Ibid.

7. Typescript of the ”Report on the First Anniversary of the Theresienstadt Homes in L 417,” by Dr. Rudolf Klein, Jewish Museum in Prague, Terezin Collection, Inv. No. 304/1. Typescript of the ”Report on the First Anniversary of the Theresienstadt Homes in L 417,” by Dr. Rudolf Klein, Jewish Museum in Prague, Terezin Collection, Inv. No. 304/1.

8. ”Theresienstadter Kindertagebucher, Helga Kinsky, Helga Weissova-Hokova, Charlotte Vereova,” in Iltis, Ehrmann, and Heitlinger, eds., ”Theresienstadter Kindertagebucher, Helga Kinsky, Helga Weissova-Hokova, Charlotte Vereova,” in Iltis, Ehrmann, and Heitlinger, eds., Theresienstadt Theresienstadt, pp. 11424.

9. Typescript of a submission to an essay contest held on the anniversary of the Girls' Home L 410, October 18, 1943. The young author's initials are R.G.; Memorial and Archive Beit Terezin, Givat Chaim Ichud, Israel. Typescript of a submission to an essay contest held on the anniversary of the Girls' Home L 410, October 18, 1943. The young author's initials are R.G.; Memorial and Archive Beit Terezin, Givat Chaim Ichud, Israel.

10. ”Theresienstadter Kindertagebucher.” Taken from the diary of fourteen-year-old ary Weinstein of Prague (she later went by the name Charlotte Vereova). She lived in another room of the Girls' Home. ”Theresienstadter Kindertagebucher.” Taken from the diary of fourteen-year-old ary Weinstein of Prague (she later went by the name Charlotte Vereova). She lived in another room of the Girls' Home.

11. In addition to this adaptation and staging of the Esther story, there was a more elaborate production for adults directed by Norbert Fried, with music by Karel Reiner. In addition to this adaptation and staging of the Esther story, there was a more elaborate production for adults directed by Norbert Fried, with music by Karel Reiner.

12. ”Kurt Singer: Musikkritischer Brief Nr. 4, Verdi's ”Kurt Singer: Musikkritischer Brief Nr. 4, Verdi's Requiem” Requiem” [”Kurt Singer: A Music Critic's Letter No. 4, Verdi's [”Kurt Singer: A Music Critic's Letter No. 4, Verdi's Requiem”] Requiem”], in Ulrike Migdal, ed., Und die Musik spielt dazu. Chansons und Satiren aus dem KZ Theresienstadt Und die Musik spielt dazu. Chansons und Satiren aus dem KZ Theresienstadt (Munich: Piper, 1990), pp. 169ff. (Munich: Piper, 1990), pp. 169ff.

13. As we learn from Kurt Singer's report, Tella (Ella Pollak) usually accompanied these productions. He writes: ”Presumably Schachter would have speeded up the tempo of the As we learn from Kurt Singer's report, Tella (Ella Pollak) usually accompanied these productions. He writes: ”Presumably Schachter would have speeded up the tempo of the Dies Irae Dies Irae if he had had an orchestra instead of a piano (placed in an inconvenient spot, but played excellently by Miss Pollak).” if he had had an orchestra instead of a piano (placed in an inconvenient spot, but played excellently by Miss Pollak).”

14. Rosa Englanderova, ”Unsere Aufgabe, unser Weg” [”Our Task, Our Path”], in Rosa Englanderova, ”Unsere Aufgabe, unser Weg” [”Our Task, Our Path”], in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998, pp. 169-71.

15. Egon (Gonda) Redlich, ”Die dreifache Aufgabe der Jugendfursorge” [”The Threefold Task of Youth Welfare”], in Egon (Gonda) Redlich, ”Die dreifache Aufgabe der Jugendfursorge” [”The Threefold Task of Youth Welfare”], in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998, pp. 15456.

16. See Kotouc et al., See Kotouc et al., We Are Children Just the Same We Are Children Just the Same.

17. Typescript of a submission to an essay contest held on the anniversary of the Girls' Home L 410, October 18, 1943. Memorial and Archive Beit Terezin, Givat Chaim Ichud, Israel. Typescript of a submission to an essay contest held on the anniversary of the Girls' Home L 410, October 18, 1943. Memorial and Archive Beit Terezin, Givat Chaim Ichud, Israel.

18. William L. s.h.i.+rer, William L. s.h.i.+rer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), p. 939. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), p. 939.

19. w.i.l.l.y Groag in a conversation with the author in Israel, 1999. w.i.l.l.y Groag died on October 10, 2001. w.i.l.l.y Groag in a conversation with the author in Israel, 1999. w.i.l.l.y Groag died on October 10, 2001.

20. Von Lang, Von Lang, Das Eichmann-Protokoll Das Eichmann-Protokoll, pp. 22122.

21. Ruth Bondy, ”Es gab einen Kameraden. Die Kinderzeitung Ruth Bondy, ”Es gab einen Kameraden. Die Kinderzeitung Kamerad Kamerad im Ghetto Theresienstadt” [”There Once Was a Comrade. The Children's Periodical im Ghetto Theresienstadt” [”There Once Was a Comrade. The Children's Periodical Kamerad Kamerad in Theresienstadt Ghetto”], in in Theresienstadt Ghetto”], in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1997 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1997, pp. 24861.

22. Web site of the House of the Wannsee Conference, Memorial Center: Web site of the House of the Wannsee Conference, Memorial Center: plete. Honza Holub played the ice-cream vendor. Unfortunately, the casting information is incomplete.

3. Kotouc et al., Kotouc et al., We Are Children Just the Same We Are Children Just the Same, pp. 15455.

4. According to Vojtch Blodig, historian for the Theresienstadt Memorial, within thirty-six hours 6,422 people from the Sudeten Barracks and the Bodenbach Barracks were resettled. The vacated rooms were used as a depository for the secret files of the Reich Security Main Office. This inst.i.tution was given the name Berlin Branch Office and was separate from the rest of the camp. According to Vojtch Blodig, historian for the Theresienstadt Memorial, within thirty-six hours 6,422 people from the Sudeten Barracks and the Bodenbach Barracks were resettled. The vacated rooms were used as a depository for the secret files of the Reich Security Main Office. This inst.i.tution was given the name Berlin Branch Office and was separate from the rest of the camp.

5. Manfred Grieger, ”Anton Burger-ein osterreichischer Dienstmann” [”Anton Burger-an Austrian Henchman”], in Manfred Grieger, ”Anton Burger-ein osterreichischer Dienstmann” [”Anton Burger-an Austrian Henchman”], in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1995 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1995, ed. Miroslav Karn, Raimund Kemper, and Margita Karna (Prague: Edition Theresienstadter Initiative Academia, 1995), pp. 24148.

6. Karel Berman, ”Erinnerungen von Karel Berman” [”Recollections of Karel Berman”], in Iltis, Ehrmann, and Heitlinger, eds., Karel Berman, ”Erinnerungen von Karel Berman” [”Recollections of Karel Berman”], in Iltis, Ehrmann, and Heitlinger, eds., Theresienstadt Theresienstadt, pp. 25458.

7. ”Theresienstadter Kindertagebucher,” pp. 11424. ”Theresienstadter Kindertagebucher,” pp. 11424.

8. On the night of August 15, 1943, the SS began liquidating the ghetto of Bialystok, a city in northeast Poland with a high percentage of Jewish inhabitants. (In 1913, 48,000 of the 61,500 residents were Jewish.) From the start of the German occupation on June 27, 1941, to August 1943, approximately 20,000 Jews had already been shot dead or deported and murdered in the death camps. The remaining 30,000 Jews in the Bialystok ghetto were murdered on the spot between August 16 and August 20, 1943, in the course of a futile attempt at resistance, or brought to Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, or labor camps at Ponoatowa and Blizyn, where they met their deaths. Twelve hundred children, accompanied by 25 adults, were brought to Theresienstadt on a train. The adults were immediately sent on to Auschwitz. On October 5, 1943, the children, plus 35 escorts, left Theresienstadt on Transport Dn/a for the same destination. Immediately upon arrival, both the children and their escorts were murdered in the gas chambers. On the night of August 15, 1943, the SS began liquidating the ghetto of Bialystok, a city in northeast Poland with a high percentage of Jewish inhabitants. (In 1913, 48,000 of the 61,500 residents were Jewish.) From the start of the German occupation on June 27, 1941, to August 1943, approximately 20,000 Jews had already been shot dead or deported and murdered in the death camps. The remaining 30,000 Jews in the Bialystok ghetto were murdered on the spot between August 16 and August 20, 1943, in the course of a futile attempt at resistance, or brought to Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, or labor camps at Ponoatowa and Blizyn, where they met their deaths. Twelve hundred children, accompanied by 25 adults, were brought to Theresienstadt on a train. The adults were immediately sent on to Auschwitz. On October 5, 1943, the children, plus 35 escorts, left Theresienstadt on Transport Dn/a for the same destination. Immediately upon arrival, both the children and their escorts were murdered in the gas chambers.

9. Ruth Bondy, ”Chronik der sich schliessenden Tore” [”Chronicle of the Closing Gates”], which quotes the Ruth Bondy, ”Chronik der sich schliessenden Tore” [”Chronicle of the Closing Gates”], which quotes the Judisches Nachrichtenblatt [Jewish Newspaper] Judisches Nachrichtenblatt [Jewish Newspaper] of March 22, 1940, in of March 22, 1940, in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 2000 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 2000, ed. Miroslav Karn, Raimund Kemper, and Margita Karna (Prague: Edition Theresienstadter Initiative Academia, 2000), pp. 86106.

FIVE Light in the Darkness: Light in the Darkness: Brundibar Brundibar 1. Adolf Hoffmeister in the film Adolf Hoffmeister in the film Brundibar-die Kinderoper von Theresienstadt Brundibar-die Kinderoper von Theresienstadt (Munich, 1966). Produced by Cineropa Film; directed by Walter Kruttner. (Munich, 1966). Produced by Cineropa Film; directed by Walter Kruttner.

2. ”Berichte zum ersten Jahrestag der Theresienstadter Heime in L 417”: Hans Krasa, ”Berichte zum ersten Jahrestag der Theresienstadter Heime in L 417”: Hans Krasa, ”Brundibar,” ”Brundibar,” in in Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998 Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998, pp. 17880.

3. Frank, Frank, ”Brundibar ”Brundibar, der Brummbar,” pp. 25458.

4. Typescript of a lecture by Professor Israel Kestenberg, 1943. Original in the Jewish Museum in Prague, Terezin Collection, Inv. No. 304/1. Typescript of a lecture by Professor Israel Kestenberg, 1943. Original in the Jewish Museum in Prague, Terezin Collection, Inv. No. 304/1.

5. ”Berichte zum ersten Jahrestag der Theresienstadter Heime in L 417”: Friederike Brandeis, ”Kinderzeichnen” [”Children's Drawings”], in ”Berichte zum ersten Jahrestag der Theresienstadter Heime in L 417”: Friederike Brandeis, ”Kinderzeichnen” [”Children's Drawings”], in Theresienstadter Theresienstadter Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998 Studien und Dok.u.mente 1998, pp. 17578. Unless otherwise noted, the quotations that follow are also taken from this source.

6. Elena Makarova, Elena Makarova, Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis. Ein Leben fur Kunst und Lehre Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis. Ein Leben fur Kunst und Lehre (Vienna and Munich: Christian Brandstatter Verlag, 2000), p. 21. (Vienna and Munich: Christian Brandstatter Verlag, 2000), p. 21.

7. Edith Kramer in a conversation with the author in Berlin on July 19, 2001. Edith Kramer, who emigrated to New York in 1938 and made a name for herself there as an art teacher and painter, has been especially active in keeping the artistic legacy of Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis alive. In her first book, Edith Kramer in a conversation with the author in Berlin on July 19, 2001. Edith Kramer, who emigrated to New York in 1938 and made a name for herself there as an art teacher and painter, has been especially active in keeping the artistic legacy of Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis alive. In her first book, Art Therapy in a Children's Community Art Therapy in a Children's Community (1958), she formulated the theoretical basis for her work, making her, along with Elinor Ulman and Margareth Naumburg, an American pioneer in this pedagogical discipline. The fact that Edith Kramer dedicated her second book, (1958), she formulated the theoretical basis for her work, making her, along with Elinor Ulman and Margareth Naumburg, an American pioneer in this pedagogical discipline. The fact that Edith Kramer dedicated her second book, Art Therapy for Children Art Therapy for Children, to Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis suggests what a strong influence her teacher had on her own development.

8. Georg Schrom in a lecture given as part of the symposium ”Art, Music and Education as Strategies for Survival,” Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, February 10, 2000. Georg Schrom in a lecture given as part of the symposium ”Art, Music and Education as Strategies for Survival,” Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, February 10, 2000.

9. Makarova, Makarova, Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis Friedl d.i.c.ker-Brandeis, p. 130.

10. Ibid. Ibid.

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