Volume 4, Slice 1 Part 36 (1/2)
A complete edition of his works was published at Leiden, under the t.i.tle of _Sam. Bochart Opera Omnia_ (1675, 2 vols. folio; 4th ed., 3 vols., 1712). An _Essay on the Life and Writings of Samuel Bochart_, by W.R. Whittingham, appeared in 1829.
BOCHOLT, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Westphalia, near the frontier of Holland, 12 m. by rail north of Wesel. It is a seat of the cotton industry. Pop. (1900) 21,278.
BOCHUM, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Westphalia, 11 m.
by rail west from Dortmund. Pop. (1905) 118,000. It is a centre of the iron and steel industries, producing princ.i.p.ally cast steel, cast iron, iron pipes, wire and wire ropes, and lamps, with tin and zinc works, coal-mining, factories for carpets, calcium carbide and paper-roofing, brickworks and breweries. The Bochumer Verein fur Bergbau (mining) und Gusstahl Fabrication (steel manufacture) is one of the princ.i.p.al trusts in this industry, founded in 1854. There are a mining and a metallurgical school.
BoCKH, PHILIPP AUGUST (1785-1867), German cla.s.sical scholar and antiquarian, was born in Karlsruhe on the 24th of November 1785. He was sent to the gymnasium of his native place, and remained there until he left for the university of Halle (1803), where he devoted himself to the study of theology. F.A. Wolf was then creating there an enthusiasm for cla.s.sical studies; Bockh fell under the spell, pa.s.sed from theology to philology, and became the greatest of all Wolf's scholars. In 1807 he established himself as privat-docent in the university of Heidelberg and was shortly afterwards appointed a professor extraordinarius, becoming professor two years later. In 1811 he removed to the new Berlin University, having been appointed professor of eloquence and cla.s.sical literature. He remained there till his death on the 3rd of August 1867.
He was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences of Berlin in 1814, and for a long time acted as its secretary. Many of the speeches contained in his _Kleine Schriften_ were delivered in this latter capacity.
Bockh worked out the ideas of Wolf in regard to philology, and ill.u.s.trated them by his practice. Discarding the old notion that philology consisted in a minute acquaintance with words and the exercise of the critical art, he regarded it as the entire knowledge of antiquity, historical and philosophical. He divides philology into five parts: first, an inquiry into public acts, with a knowledge of times and places, into civil inst.i.tutions, and also into law; second, an inquiry into private affairs; third, an exhibition of the religions and arts of the ancient nations; fourth, a history of all their moral and physical speculations and beliefs, and of their literatures; and fifth, a complete explanation of the language. These ideas in regard to philology Bockh set forth in a Latin oration delivered in 1822 (_Gesammelte kleine Schriften_, i.). In his speech at the opening of the congress of German philologists in 1850, he defined philology as the historical construction of the entire life--therefore, of all forms of culture and all the productions of a people in its practical and spiritual tendencies. He allows that such a work is too great for any one man; but the very infinity of subjects is the stimulus to the pursuit of truth, and men strive because they have not attained (_ib_. ii.). An account of Bockh's division of philology will be found in Freund's _Wie studirt man Philologie?_
From 1806 till his death Bockh's literary activity was unceasing. His princ.i.p.al works were the following:--(1) An edition of Pindar, the first volume of which (1811) contains the text of the Epinician odes; a treatise, _De Metris Pindari_, in three books; and _Notae Criticae_: the second (1819) contains the _Scholia_; and part ii. of volume ii. (1821) contains a Latin translation, a commentary, the fragments and indices.
It is still the most complete edition of Pindar that we have. But it was especially the treatise on the metres which placed Bockh in the first rank of scholars. This treatise forms an epoch in the treatment of the subject. In it the author threw aside all attempts to determine the Greek metres by mere subjective standards, pointing out at the same time the close connexion between the music and the poetry of the Greeks. He investigated minutely the nature of Greek music as far as it can be ascertained, as well as all the details regarding Greek musical instruments; and he explained the statements of the ancient Greek writers on rhythm. In this manner he laid the foundation for a scientific treatment of Greek metres. (2) _Die Staatshaushaltung der Athener_, 1817 (2nd ed. 1851, with a supplementary volume _Urkunden uber das Seewesen des attischen Staats_; 3rd ed. by Frankel, 1886), translated into English by Sir George Cornewall Lewis (1828) under the t.i.tle of _The Public Economy of Athens_. In it he investigated a subject of peculiar difficulty with profound learning. He ama.s.sed information from the whole range of Greek literature, carefully appraised the value of the information given, and shows throughout every portion of it rare critical ability and insight. A work of a similar kind was his _Metrologische Untersuchungen uber Gewichte, Munzfusse, und Ma.s.se des Alterthums_ (1838). (3) Bockh's third great work arose out of his second. In regard to the taxes and revenue of the Athenian state he derived a great deal of his most trustworthy information from inscriptions, many of which are given in his book. It was natural, therefore, that when the Berlin Academy of Sciences projected the plan of a _Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum_, Bockh should be chosen as the princ.i.p.al editor. This great work (1828-1877) is in four volumes, the third and fourth volumes being edited by J. Franz, E. Curtius, A.
Kirchhoff and H. Rohl.
Bockh's activity was continually digressing into widely different fields. He gained for himself a foremost position amongst the investigators of ancient chronology, and his name occupies a place by the side of those of Ideler and Mommsen. His princ.i.p.al works on this subject were: _Zur Geschichte der Mondcyclen der h.e.l.lenen_ (1855); _Epigraphisch-chronologische Studien_ (1856); _uber die vierjahrigen Sonnenkreise der Alten_ (1863), and several papers which he published in the _Transactions of the Berlin Academy_. Bockh also occupied himself with philosophy. One of his earliest papers was on the Platonic doctrine of the world, _De Platonica corporis mundani fabrica_ (1809), followed by _De Platonico Systemate Caelestium globorum et de vera Indole Astronomiae Philolaice_ (1810), to which may be added _Manetho und die Hundsternperiode_ (1845). In opposition to Otto Gruppe (1804-1876), he denied that Plato affirmed the diurnal rotation of the earth (_Untersuchungen uber das kosmische System des Platon_, 1852), and when in opposition to him Grote published his opinions on the subject (Plato and the Rotation of the Earth) Bockh was ready with his reply. Another of his earlier papers, and one frequently referred to, was _Commentatio Academica de simultate quae Platoni c.u.m Xenophonte intercessisse fertur_ (1811). Other philosophical writings were _Commentatio in Platonis qui vulgo fertur Minoem_ (1806), and _Philolaos' des Pythagoreers Lehren nebst den Bruchstucken_ (1819), in which he endeavoured to show the genuineness of the fragments.
Besides his edition of Pindar, Bockh published an edition of the Antigone of Sophocles (1843) with a poetical translation and essays. An early and important work on the Greek tragedians is his _Graecae Tragoediae Principum ... num ea quae supersunt et genuina omnia sint et forma primitiva servata_ (1808).
The smaller writings of Bockh began to be collected in his lifetime.
Three of the volumes were published before his death, and four after (_Gesammelte kleine Schriften_, 1858-1874). The first two consist of orations delivered in the university or academy of Berlin, or on public occasions. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth contain his contributions to the _Transactions of the Berlin Academy_, and the seventh contains his critiques. Bockh's lectures, delivered from 1809-1865, were published by Bratuschek under the t.i.tle of _Encyclopadie und Methodologie der philologischen Wissenschaften_ (2nd ed, Klussmann, 1886). His philological and scientific theories are set forth in Elze, _uber Philologie als System_ (1845), and Reichhardt, _Die Gliederung der Philologie entwickelt_ (1846). His correspondence with Ottfried Muller appeared at Leipzig in 1883. See Sachse, _Erinnerungen an August Bockh_ (1868); Stark, in the _Verhandlungen der Wurzburger Philologensammlung_ (1868); Max Hoffmann, _August Bockh_ (1901); and S. Reiter, in _Neue Jahrbucher fur das kla.s.sische Altertum_ (1902), p. 436.
BoCKLIN, ARNOLD (1827-1901), Swiss painter, was born at Basel on the 16th of October 1827. His father, Christian Frederick Bocklin (b. 1802), was descended from an old family of Schaffhausen, and engaged in the silk trade. His mother, Ursula Lippe, was a native of the same city. In 1846 he began his studies at the Dusseldorf academy under Schirmer, who recognized in him a student of exceptional promise, and sent him to Antwerp and Brussels, where he copied the works of Flemish and Dutch masters. Bocklin then went to Paris, worked at the Louvre, and painted several landscapes; his ”Landscape and Ruin” reveals at the same time a strong feeling for nature and a dramatic conception of scenery. After serving his time in the army he set out for Rome in March 1850, and the sight of the Eternal City was a fresh stimulus to his mind. So, too, was the influence of Italian nature and that of the dead pagan world. At Rome he married (June 20, 1853) Angela Rosa Lorenza Pascucci. In 1856 he returned to Munich, and remained there four years. He then exhibited the ”Great Park,” one of his earliest works, in which he treated ancient mythology with the stamp of individuality, which was the basis of his reputation. Of this period, too, are his ”Nymph and Satyr,” ”Heroic Landscape” (Diana Hunting), both of 1858, and ”Sappho” (1859). These works, which were much discussed, together with Lenbach's recommendation, gained him his appointment as professor at the Weimar academy. He held the office for two years, painting the ”Venus and Love,” a ”Portrait of Lenbach,” and a ”Saint Catherine.” He was again at Rome from 1862 to 1866, and there gave his fancy and his taste for violent colour free play in his ”Portrait of Mme Bocklin,” now in the Basel gallery, in ”An Anchorite in the Wilderness” (1863); a ”Roman Tavern,” and ”Villa on the Sea-sh.o.r.e” (1864); this last, one of his best pictures. He returned to Basel in 1866 to finish his frescoes in the gallery, and to paint, besides several portraits, ”The Magdalene with Christ” (1868); ”Anacreon's Muse” (1869); and ”A Castle and Warriors”
(1871). His ”Portrait of Myself,” with Death playing a violin (1873), was painted after his return again to Munich, where he exhibited his famous ”Battle of the Centaurs” (in the Basel gallery); ”Landscape with Moorish Hors.e.m.e.n” (in the Lucerne gallery); and ”A Farm” (1875). From 1876 to 1885 Bocklin was working at Florence, and painted a ”Pieta,”
”Ulysses and Calypso,” ”Prometheus,” and the ”Sacred Grove.” From 1886 to 1892 he settled at Zurich. Of this period are the ”Naiads at Play,”
”A Sea Idyll,” and ”War.” After 1892 Bocklin resided at San Domenico, near Florence. An exhibition of his collected works was held at Basel from the 20th of September to the 24th of October 1897. He died on the 16th of January 1901.
His life has been written by Henri Mendelssohn. See also F. Hermann, _Gazette des Beaux Arts_ (Paris, 1893); Max Lehrs, _Arnold Bocklin, Ein Leitfaden zum Verstandniss seiner Kunst_ (Munich, 1897); W.
Ritter, _Arnold Bocklin_ (Gand, 1895); _Katalog der Bocklin Jubilaums Ausstellung_ (Basel, 1897). (H. Fr.)
BOCLAND, BOCKLAND or BOOKLAND (from A.S. _boc_, book), an original mode of tenure of land, also called charter-land or deed-land. Bocland was folk-land granted to individuals in private owners.h.i.+p by a doc.u.ment (charter or book) in writing, with the signatures of the king and witenagemot; at first it was rarely, if ever, held by laymen, except for religious purposes. Bocland to a certain extent resembled full owners.h.i.+p in the modern sense, in that the owner could grant it in his lifetime, in the same manner as he had received it, by _boc_ or book, and also dispose of it by will. (See also FOLKLAND.)