Volume 2, Slice 2 Part 28 (1/2)
2. A city in Phrygia, founded by Antiochus Soter (from whose mother, Apama, it received its name), near, but on lower ground than, Celaenae.
It was situated where the Marsyas leaves the hills to join the Maeander, and it became a seat of Seleucid power, and a centre of Graeco-Roman and Graeco-Hebrew civilization and commerce. There Antiochus the Great collected the army with which he met the Romans at Magnesia, and there two years later the treaty between Rome and the Seleucid realm was signed. After Antiochus' departure for the East, Apamea lapsed to the Pergamenian kingdom and thence to Rome in 133, but it was resold to Mithradates V., who held it till 120. After the Mithradatic wars it became and remained a great centre for trade, largely carried on by resident Italians and by Jews. In 84 Sulla made it the seat of a _conventus_ of the Asian province, and it long claimed primacy among Phrygian cities. Its decline dates from the local disorganization of the empire in the 3rd century A.D.; and though a bishopric, it was not an important military or commercial centre in Byzantine times. The Turks took it first in 1070, and from the 13th century onwards it was always in Moslem hands. For a long period it was one of the greatest cities of Asia Minor, commanding the Maeander road; but when the trade routes were diverted to Constantinople it rapidly declined, and its ruin was completed by an earthquake. A Jewish tradition, possibly arising from a name _Cibotus_ (ark), which the town bore, identified a neighbouring mountain with Ararat. The famous ”Noah” coins of the emperor Philip commemorate this belief. The site is now partly occupied by _Dineir_ (q.v., sometimes locally known also as _Geiklar_, ”the gazelles,”
perhaps from a tradition of the Persian hunting-park, seen by Xenophon at Celaenae), which is connected with Smyrna by railway; there are considerable remains, including a great number of important Graeco-Roman inscriptions.
See W.M. Ramsay, _Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia_, vol. ii.; G.
Weber, _Dineir-Celenes_ (1892); D.G. Hogarth in _Journ, h.e.l.l. Studies_ (1888); O. Hirschfeld in _Trans. Berlin Academy_ (1875).
(D. G. H.)
3. A town on the left bank of the Euphrates, at the end of a bridge of boats (_zeugma_); the Til-Barsip of the a.s.syrian inscriptions, now Birejik (q.v.).
4. The earlier Myrlea of Bithynia, now Mudania (q.v.), the port of Brusa. The name was given it by Prusias I., who rebuilt it.
5. A city mentioned by Stepha.n.u.s and Pliny as situated near the Tigris, the identification of which is still uncertain.
6. A Greek city in Parthia, near Rhagae.
APARRI, a town of the province of Cagayan, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on the Grande de Cagayan river near, its mouth, about 55 m. N. of Tuguegarao, the capital. Pop. (1903) 18,252. The valley is one of the largest tobacco-producing sections in the Philippines; and the town has a considerable coastwise trade. Here, too, is a meteorological station.
APAt.i.tE, a widely distributed mineral, which, when found in large ma.s.ses, is of considerable economic value as a phosphate. As a mineral species it was first recognized by A.G. Werner in 1786 and named by him from the Greek [Greek: apatan], to deceive, because it had previously been mistaken for other minerals, such as beryl, tourmaline, chrysolite, amethyst, &c. Although long known to consist mainly of calcium phosphate, it was not until 1827 that G. Rose found that fluorine or chlorine is an essential const.i.tuent. Two chemical varieties of apat.i.te are to be distinguished, namely a fluor-apat.i.te, (CaF)Ca4P3O12, and a chlor-apat.i.te, (CaCl)Ca4P3O12: the former, which is much the commoner, contains 42.3% of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and 3.8% fluorine, and the latter 4.10 P2O5 and 6.8% chlorine. Fluorine and chlorine replace each other in indefinite proportions, and they may also be in part replaced by hydroxyl, so that the general formula becomes [Ca (F, Cl, OH)]
Ca4P3O12, in which the univalent group Ca(F, Cl, OH) takes the place of one hydrogen atom in orthophosphoric acid H3PO4. The formula is sometimes written in the form 3Ca3(PO4)2 + CaF2. Mangan-apat.i.te is a variety in which calcium is largely replaced by manganese (up to 10% MnO). Cerium, didymium, yttrium, &c., oxides may also sometimes be present, in amounts up to 5%.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 1.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 2.]
Apat.i.te frequently occurs as beautifully developed crystals, sometimes a foot or more in length, belonging to that division of the hexagonal system in which there is pyramidal hemi-hedrism. In this type of symmetry, of which apat.i.te is the best example, there is only one plane of symmetry, which is perpendicular to the hexad axis. The arrangement of the pyramidal faces n and u in fig. 2 show the hemihedral character and absence of the full number of planes and axes of symmetry. Fig. 2 represents a highly modified crystal from St Gotthard; a more common form is shown in fig. 1, which is bounded by the hexagonal prism m, hexagonal bipyramid x and basal pinacoid c.
In its general appearance, apat.i.te exhibits wide variations. Crystals may be colourless and transparent or white and opaque, but are often coloured, usually some shade of green or brown, occasionally violet, sky-blue, yellow, &c. The l.u.s.tre is vitreous, inclining to sub-resinous.
There is an imperfect cleavage parallel to the basal pinacoid, and the fracture is conchoidal. Hardness 5, specific gravity 3.2.
Yellowish-green prismatic crystals from Jumilla in Murcia in Spain have long been known under the name asparagus-stone. Lazurapat.i.te is a sky-blue variety found as crystals with lapis-lazuli in Siberia; and moroxite is the name given to dull greenish-blue crystals from Norway and Canada. Francolite, from Wheal Franco, near Tavistock in Devons.h.i.+re, and also from several Cornish mines, occurs as crystallized stalact.i.tic ma.s.ses. In addition to these crystallized varieties, there are ma.s.sive varieties, fibrous, concretionary, stalact.i.tic, or earthy in form, which are included together under the name phosphorite (q.v.), and it is these ma.s.sive varieties, together with various rock-phosphates (phosphatic nodules, coprolites, guano, &c.) which are of such great economic importance: crystallized apat.i.te is mined for phosphates only in Norway and Canada.
With regard to its mode of occurrence, apat.i.te is found under a variety of conditions. In igneous rocks of all kinds it is invariably present in small amounts as minute acicular crystals, and was one of the first const.i.tuents of the rock to crystallize out from the magma. The extensive deposits of chlor-apat.i.te near Kragero and Bamle, near Brevik, in southern Norway, are in connexion with gabbro, the felspar of which has been altered, by emanations containing chlorine, to scapolite, and t.i.tanium minerals have been developed. The apat.i.te occurring in connexion with granite and veins of tin-stone is, on the other hand, a fluor-apat.i.te, and, like the other fluorine-bearing minerals characteristic of tin-veins, doubtless owes its origin to the emanations of tin fluoride which gave rise to the tin-ore. Special mention may be here made of the beautiful violet crystals of fluor-apat.i.te which occur in the veins of tin-ore in the Erzgebirge, and of the brilliant bluish-green crystals encrusting cavities in the granite of Luxullian in Cornwall. Another common mode of occurrence of apat.i.te is in metamorphic crystalline rocks, especially in crystalline limestones: in eastern Canada extensive beds of apat.i.te occur in the limestones a.s.sociated with the Laurentian gneisses. Still another mode of occurrence is presented by beautifully developed and transparent crystals found with crystals of felspar and quartz lining the crevices in the gneiss of the Alps.
Crystallized apat.i.te is also occasionally found in metalliferous veins, other than those of tin, and in beds of iron ore; whilst if the ma.s.sive varieties (phosphorite) be considered many other modes of occurrence might be cited. (L. J. S.)
APATURIA ([Greek: Apatouria]), an ancient Greek festival held annually by all the Ionian towns except Ephesus and Colophon (Herodotus i. 147).
At Athens it took place in the month of Pyanepsion (October to November), and lasted three days, on which occasion the various phratries (i.e. clans) of Attica met to discuss their affairs. The name is a slightly modified form of [Greek: apatoria = hamapatoria, h.o.m.opatoria], the festival of ”common relations.h.i.+p.” The ancient etymology a.s.sociated it with [Greek: apate] (deceit), a legend existing that the festival originated in 1100 B.C. in commemoration of a single combat between a certain Melanthus, representing King Thymoetes of Attica, and King Xanthus of Boeotia, in which Melanthus successfully threw his adversary off his guard by crying that a man in a black goat's skin (identified with Dionysus) was helping him (Schol. Aristophanes, _Acharnians_, 146). On the first day of the festival, called Dorpia or Dorpeia, banquets were held towards evening at the meeting-place of the phratries or in the private houses of members. On the second, Anarrhysis (from [Greek: anarruein], to draw back the victim's head), a sacrifice of oxen was offered at the public cost to Zeus Phratrius and Athena. On the third day, Cureotis ([Greek: koureotis]), children born since the last festival were presented by their fathers or guardians to the a.s.sembled phratores, and, after an oath had been taken as to their legitimacy and the sacrifice of a goat or a sheep, their names were inscribed in the register. The name [Greek: koureotis] is derived either from [Greek: kouros], that is, the day of the young, or less probably from [Greek: keiro], because on this occasion young people cut their hair and offered it to the G.o.ds. The victim was called [Greek: meion].